Cleaning method of chicken feathers to obtain odorless fibers

In many cases, the processing of chicken feathers requires washing and disinfection. The unpleasant odor that remains on washed feathers after cleaning is a problem when using feathers or fibers derived from them. The odor of feathers is especially pronounced in high-temperature conditions. The aim of this study is to develop a method for cleaning chicken feathers, which makes it possible to obtain chicken feather fibers without unpleasant odor at a low cost. For this, the chicken feathers were washed according to different programs. Washed and unwashed feather were analyzed using GC-MS method to identify substances that can cause offensive odors at normal temperatures and under higher temperature conditions. The results of different cleaning methods were compared. It was found that the most effective cleaning method in terms of removing volatiles that can cause bad odor from feathers was a main wash with a nonionic detergent after a short prewash with sodium hypochlorite and a finishing treatment with sodium hydroxide solution. It was observed that the surface, internal structure, and mechanical properties of the feathers did not deteriorate as a result of this washing method

Reactions of Some Pyrazole-3-Carboxylic Acid Chlorides with Various Anilides

1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid chlorides (3) can easily be converted into the corresponding 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (5) by reaction I with various,anilides, It has been demonstrated that with the variation in reaction conditions, the reaction changes leading to different 1 I products. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectral data. All compounds I 4 were compared with their previous analogues. 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid chlorides (3) can easily be converted into the corresponding 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (5) by reaction I with various,anilides, It has been demonstrated that with the variation in reaction conditions, the reaction changes leading to different 1 I products. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectral data. All compounds I 4 were compared with their previous analogues.</p

Investigation of Trace Elements in Vegan Foods by ICP-MS After Microwave Digestion

Veganism is gaining popularity around the world day by day. Vegan nutrition is a diet in which not all animal foods are used. A vegan diet does not contain meat, fish, milk and dairy products, and eggs and consists of vegetables, fruits, grains, legumes, and nuts. Vegan diets maintain energy balances in a wide variety of plant foods. So, health problems can be seen due to nutrient and mineral deficiencies in the long-term continuation of the vegan diet. Due to insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals such as vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, iron, and zinc, energy and protein balance in the body may not be achieved by vegan individuals. The contents of aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and lead have been analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) in 10 different vegan foods purchased from Turkey. Certified reference material (1547 peach leaves) was used for validating the digestion procedure. Dry, wet, and microwave processes were compared, and it was found that the microwave digestion method was the best. Element levels in the analyzed samples were found below the legal limits. The purpose of this work is to investigate the trace element content of various foods used in vegan nutrition

Reactions of Some Pyrazole-3-Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Chlorides with Various O- and N- Nucleophiles

The 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 2 and its remarkably stable acid chlorides 3 can easily be converted into the corresponding carbohydrazide, ester or amide derivatives 4, 6 and 7, respectively, from reaction with alcohols or N-nucleophiles. The acid chloride (3) was also converted easily into the new derivatives consisting of 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole 8a,b. The cyclocondensation reactions of 2 with some hydrazines led to the formation of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyradizinone 5 derivative. The nitrile derivative 9 was obtained by dehydration of 7a, b in a mixture of SOCl2 and DMF. The thermal decomposition of 4-Benzoyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 2b leads to the formation of [1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-yl] phenylmethanone 10) It has been demonstrated that with the variation in reaction conditions, the reaction changes and leads to different products. The structures of these newly synthesized compounds were determined from the FT-IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. The 1H&ndash;pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 2 and its remarkably stable acid chlorides 3 can easily be converted into the corresponding carbohydrazide, ester or amide derivatives 4, 6 and 7, respectively, from reaction with alcohols or Nnucleophiles. The acid chloride (3) was also converted easily into the new derivatives consisting of 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole 8a,b. The cyclocondensation reactions of 2 with some hydrazines led to the formation of pyrazolo[3,4-d ]pyradizinone 5 derivative. The nitrile derivative 9 was obtained by dehydration of 7a,b in a mixture of SOCl2 and DMF. The thermal decomposition of 4-Benzoyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 2b leads to the formation of [1-(4- nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-yl] phenylmethanone 10) It has been demonstrated that with the variation in reaction conditions, the reaction changes and leads to different products. The structures of these newly synthesized compounds were determined from the FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data and elemental analyses.</div

Functionalization Reactions of Various Pyrazole-3-carboxylic Acid Chlorides with Some Ureas

The 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acids 2 or their remarkably stable acid chlorides 3 can easily be converted into the corresponding 1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl-N'-urea derivatives (5a-k) from reaction with urea nucleophiles. It has been demonstrated that with the variation in reaction conditions, the reaction changes thus leading to different products. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectral data. All compounds were compared with their previous analogues.AbstractThe 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acids 2 or their remarkably stable acid chlorides 3 can easily be converted into the corresponding 1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl-N&#39;-urea derivatives (5a-k) from reaction with urea nucleophiles. It has been demonstrated that with the variation in reaction conditions, the reaction changes thus leading to different products. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectral data. All compounds were compared with their previous analogues.</p

Synthesis, structural and spectroscopic evaluations and nonlinear optical properties of 3,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioic O-acid

In this study, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study on 3,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioic 0-acid (C18H18N2O3S) molecule. The compound crystallizes in the trigonal space group R-3 with a = b = 27.7151(12) angstrom, c = 12.4866(6) angstrom. alpha = beta = 90.0 degrees, gamma = 120.00 degrees and Z = 18. The crystal packing is stabilized by O-H center dot center dot center dot O and O-H center dot center dot center dot S intermolecular hydrogen bonds. These hydrogen bond interactions are also proved by NBO analysis. A detailed spectroscopic investigation is performed by the application of FT-IR and FT-NMR in addition to the theoretical approaches. Small energy gap between the frontier molecular orbitals is responsible for the nonlinear optical activity of the title molecule. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved