[[alternative]]Biomechanical analysis of the elite Taiwan high jumpers in the fosbury flop

[[abstract]]本實驗是使用兩部高速電子攝影機，及兩部VHS 攝影機，作同步拍攝國內民國81年度 男子排名前十傑中的四位優秀選手，進行三度空間的運動學分析，並利用KISTLER 測 力板測量起跳時的垂直力量與垂直衡量，了解國內優秀選手在背向高式跳高中，跳過 兩公尺時的運動學及動力學的變化及其關係。 本研究經過師大體育研究所運動生物力學實驗室，VIDEO-3D影帶分析系統，處理分析 所得資料，得到的結論如下： 1 、四位選手助跑最後第二步步幅與最後一步步幅、速度、角度，均比國外一流選手 為小為慢，尤其最後一步的速度比國外一流選手差距更大，應針對這點加以改進。 2 、在跳高運動，每跳一次花費身體體重的2到7倍之多的垂直力量，因此必須增加選 手身體全身的肌力，尤其是腿部及腳部的肌力。 3 、四位選手起跳踏地時身體重心高度(HO)；起跳時起跳腳離地瞬間的身體重心高度 (HI)與起跳時身體重心飛程的高度皆比國外一流跳高選手為低，尤其是離地後身體飛 程的重心高度高度(H2)比國外一流選手低最多，是要加強的重點。而四位選手從起跳 時達到最高點身體重心與橫竿距離較接近，顯示過竿技術較佳。 4 、四位選手起跳水平速度、垂直速度與起跳時合速度，三種速度均比國外一流選手 慢。所以四位選手應該特別加強速度訓練。 5 、四位選手的起跳水平角度比國外一流選手大，而起跳的拋射角度，比國外優秀選 手還小。如果水平角度過大可能造成垂直拋射角度不利。 6 、四位選手的起跳腳在踏地時膝關節的角度比國外一流選手較小。而起跳離地時的 膝關節角度，與國外一流選手幾乎相同。至於起跳時前導腿抬的高度與水平所成的角 度平均為-8度，顯示四位優秀選手的前導腿抬的高度都不過。 7 、高四位選手助跑最後第二步至最後一步到起跳踏地或離地時的內傾角度，均比國 外一流選手為小。尤其在起跳踏地時的內傾角現象較為明顯。關於助跑最後第二步至 最後一步踏地或離地時的前傾後傾角度均比國外一流選手較小，尤其在起跳踏地時的 前傾後傾角度，有明顯較內現象。 8 、四位選手起跳點離竿距離平均為93公分，於國外一流選手離橫竿距離的80到140 公分之間。顯示四位選手的起跳點離竿距離尚可。 9 、四位選手中，有林明宏、歐建友、蔡金鋼等三位選手的動作結構較接近速度型的 跳法。而廖學松的動作結構較類似瞬發力型的跳法。

Hyunsoonleella rubra sp nov., isolated from coastal sediment

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-flagellated and non-gliding bacterium, designated FA042 T, was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the coast of Weihai, China ( 37 degrees 32' 02 '' N 122 degrees 03' 44 '' E). Optimal growth occurred at 33 degrees C, pH 7.0-7.5 and in the presence of 2-3% ( w/ v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain FA042 T belonged to the genus Hyunsoonleella. The closest described neighbour, in terms of 16S rRNA gene sequence identity, was Hyunsoonleella jejuensis ( 95.0 %). The major fatty acids were iso-C-15 : 0, iso-C-15 : 1 G, C15 : 0, iso-C-17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C-15 : 0 3-OH. The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The major polar lipids of strain FA042(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids and two unidentified aminolipids. The DNA G+ C content was 38.5 mol%. Based on its phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain FA042 T is presented as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Hyunsoonleella rubra sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Hyunsoonleella rubra sp. nov. is FA042(T) (= KCTC 42398(T) = MCCC 1H00110(T))

Analysis of cipadesin limonoids from Cipadessa cinerascens using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations

RATIONALE: Limonoids, a class of tetranortriterpenoids, exhibit various biological effects, such as insect antifeedant and growth regulating activities, antimicrobial activity, potent cell adhesion inhibitory effects, antimalarial activity, anticancer activities, and antioxidant activity. The potential application brings the need for reliable, fast and low-cost analysis of this class of compounds. METHODS: Six cipadesin limonoids (1-6), including a pairs of isomers, from leaves and barks of Cipadessa cinerascens were investigated by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) in positive-ion mode. Characteristic processes were further studied by theoretical calculations. RESULTS: 1,3-Hydrogen rearrangement might play a significant role in the cleavage of -O-bridge bond in ring B and further produces some characteristic ions. For [M + Na](+) precursor ions, the product ion at m/z 133 might indicate the structure of ring A and the losses of CO2 and AcOH occur readily. Interestingly, the radical product ion at m/z 460 from [M + Na]+ ions seems to be the characteristic ion for compound 1. A deuterium-labeling experiment supported the processes forming the radical ion. For [M + NH4](+) ions, high-abundance product ions resulting from sequential loss of AcOH can be observed. In addition, a pairs of isomers was unambiguously differentiated based on MS or MS/MS spectra. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, sufficient information obtained from fragmentation experiments of [M + Na](+), [M + NH4](+) or [M + H](+) precursor ions is especially valuable for rapid identification of these limonoids or their metabolites in complex mixtures. The high-abundance radical product ion is of scientific interest. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Global Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals Diverse Functions of Serine/Threonine/Tyrosine Phosphorylation in the Model Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp Strain PCC 7002

Increasing evidence shows that protein phosphorylation on serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), and tyrosine (Tyr) residues is one of the major post-translational modifications in the bacteria, involved in regulating a myriad of physiological processes. Cyanobacteria are one of the largest groups of bacteria and are the only prokaryotes capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. Many cyanobacteria strains contain unusually high numbers of protein kinases and phosphatases with specificity on Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. However, only a few dozen phosphorylation sites in cyanobacteria are known, presenting a major obstacle for further understanding the regulatory roles of reversible phosphorylation in this group of bacteria. In this study, we carried out a global and site-specific phosphoproteomic analysis on the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. In total, 280 phosphopeptides and 410 phosphorylation sites from 245 Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 proteins were identified through the combined use of protein/peptide prefractionation, TiO2 enrichment, and LC-MS/MS analysis. The identified phosphoproteins were functionally categorized into an interaction map and found to be involved in various biological processes such as two-component signaling pathway and photosynthesis. Our data provide the first global survey of phosphorylation in cyanobacteria by using a phosphoproteomic approach and suggest a wide-ranging regulatory scope of this modification. The provided data set may help reveal the physiological functions underlying Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation and facilitate the elucidation of the entire signaling networks in cyanobacteria.Increasing evidence shows that protein phosphorylation on serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), and tyrosine (Tyr) residues is one of the major post-translational modifications in the bacteria, involved in regulating a myriad of physiological processes. Cyanobacteria are one of the largest groups of bacteria and are the only prokaryotes capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. Many cyanobacteria strains contain unusually high numbers of protein kinases and phosphatases with specificity on Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. However, only a few dozen phosphorylation sites in cyanobacteria are known, presenting a major obstacle for further understanding the regulatory roles of reversible phosphorylation in this group of bacteria. In this study, we carried out a global and site-specific phosphoproteomic analysis on the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. In total, 280 phosphopeptides and 410 phosphorylation sites from 245 Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 proteins were identified through the combined use of protein/peptide prefractionation, TiO2 enrichment, and LC-MS/MS analysis. The identified phosphoproteins were functionally categorized into an interaction map and found to be involved in various biological processes such as two-component signaling pathway and photosynthesis. Our data provide the first global survey of phosphorylation in cyanobacteria by using a phosphoproteomic approach and suggest a wide-ranging regulatory scope of this modification. The provided data set may help reveal the physiological functions underlying Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation and facilitate the elucidation of the entire signaling networks in cyanobacteria

Identification of flavonoid glycosides in Rosa chinensis flowers by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in combination with C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance

Flowers of Rosa chinensis are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as well as in food industry. Flavonoid glycosides are believed to be the major components in R. chinensis that are responsible for its antioxidant activities. In this work, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for analysis of flavonoid glycosides presented in ethyl acetate extract of dried R. chinensis flowers. Twelve flavonoid glycosides were separated and detected. By comparing the retention times, UV spectra, and tandem MS fragments with those of respective authentic compounds, eight flavonoid glycosides were unequivocally identified. Although the other four were also identified as flavonoid glycosides, the glycosylation positions could not be determined due to lack of authentic compounds. Fortunately, the glycosylation effects were clearly observed in the C-13 NMR spectrum of the extract. The detailed structural information was, therefore, obtained to identify the four flavonoid glycosides as quercetin-3-O-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-D-xyloside, kaempferol-3-O-D-xyloside and quercetin-3-O-D-(6 ''-coumaroyl)-galactoside. These flavonoid glycosides were detected and identified for the first time in this botanic material. This work reports on the first use of C-13 NMR of a mixture to enhance a rapid HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The proposed analytical protocol was validated with a mixture of authentic flavonoid glycosides. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Preparation of 3-Sulfonylated 3,3-Disubstituted Oxindoles by the Addition of Sulfinate Salts to 3-Halooxindoles

An efficient method for the preparation of 3-sulfonylated 3,3-disubstituted oxindole derivatives has been developed. The protocol involves a base-catalyzed addition of sulfinate salts to 3-halooxindoles, affording a wide range of 3-sulfonylated 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. A preliminary trial of asymmetric catalytic version was conducted and gave promising enantioselectivity. The mechanism for the reaction was tentatively explored with the help of mass spectrometric analysis

Asymmetric Michael/Cyclization Cascade Reaction of 3-Isothiocyanato Oxindoles and 3-Nitroindoles with Amino-Thiocarbamate Catalysts: Enantioselective Synthesis of Polycyclic Spirooxindoles

An unprecedented organocatalytic asymmetric Michael/cyclization cascade reaction of 3-isothiocyanato oxindoles and. 3-nitroindoles has-been disclosed. A wide range of enantioenriched polycyclic, spirooxindoles, containing three contiguous chiral centers With two of them having quaternary stereocenters, could be smoothly obtained with satisfactory results (up to 99%-yield, >99:1 dr, and 96% ee). This methods very promising because the reaction is scalable, and the versatile transformations of the products into other spirocyclic oxindoles are also feasible

Three goose-type lysozymes in the gastropod Oncomelania hupensis: cDNA sequences and lytic activity of recombinant proteins

Three goose-type (g-type) lysozymes, designated as OHLysG1, OHLysG2 and OHLysG3 were identified from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of a gastropod Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. The full cDNA sequences of OHLysG1, OHLysG2 and OHLysG3 consisted of 735, 909 and 808 nucleotides, with an open reading frame of 198, 214 and 249 codons containing a 21, 7 and 8 amino acid (aa) signal peptide at the N-terminus, respectively. The three g-type lysozymes shared conserved features with other g-type lysozymes, such as the substrate binding sites, the catalytic residues critical for the fundamental structure and function of g-type lysozymes. It seems possible that g-type lysozymes in molluscs shared one conserved cysteine with those in birds and mammals, and six conserved cysteines were observed for mollusc g-type lysozymes, with two unique cysteines present in the g-type lysozymes of O. hupensis. The three lysozyme genes were expressed mainly in hepatopancreas, with relatively low expression level observed in head-foot muscle and intestine. When comparing S. japonicum-infected and uninfected snails, significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) was observed for all the three lysozymes in infected snails, with the highest increase detected in hepatopancreas, and lowest in intestine, implying their defensive role in the host-parasite, i.e. snail-trematode system. The three recombinant lysozymes expressed in Escherichia coil strain M15 showed lytic activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio fluvialis, Aeromonas sobria and Micrococcus lysodeikticus. In conclusion, the finding of three g-type lysozymes in O. hupensis provides structural and functional evidence of multiple g-type lysozymes in gastropod, which may have evolutional implication in the snail-trematode system. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Three goose-type (g-type) lysozymes, designated as OHLysG1, OHLysG2 and OHLysG3 were identified from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of a gastropod Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. The full cDNA sequences of OHLysG1, OHLysG2 and OHLysG3 consisted of 735, 909 and 808 nucleotides, with an open reading frame of 198, 214 and 249 codons containing a 21, 7 and 8 amino acid (aa) signal peptide at the N-terminus, respectively. The three g-type lysozymes shared conserved features with other g-type lysozymes, such as the substrate binding sites, the catalytic residues critical for the fundamental structure and function of g-type lysozymes. It seems possible that g-type lysozymes in molluscs shared one conserved cysteine with those in birds and mammals, and six conserved cysteines were observed for mollusc g-type lysozymes, with two unique cysteines present in the g-type lysozymes of O. hupensis. The three lysozyme genes were expressed mainly in hepatopancreas, with relatively low expression level observed in head-foot muscle and intestine. When comparing S. japonicum-infected and uninfected snails, significant increase (P < 0.05) was observed for all the three lysozymes in infected snails, with the highest increase detected in hepatopancreas, and lowest in intestine, implying their defensive role in the host-parasite, i.e. snail-trematode system. The three recombinant lysozymes expressed in Escherichia coli strain M15 showed lytic activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio fluvialis, Aeromonas sobria and Micrococcus lysodeikticus. In conclusion, the finding of three g-type lysozymes in O. hupensis provides structural and functional evidence of multiple g-type lysozymes in gastropod, which may have evolutional implication in the snail-trematode system. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved