DAMPAK INFEKSI Porphyromonas gingivalis PADA JARINGAN PERIODONTAL MATERNAL TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JANIN

The growth and survival of fetus depends on placenta. Intrauterine infection can result the increased apoptosis of trophoblast during pregnancy. Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected periodontal maternal is expected to result in pregnancy adverse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in periodontal tissues maternal to fetal growth by analyzing the effect of TLR-2, TLR-4, TNF-α, IL-10 and caspase-3 expression in the placenta to the placental weight, fetal weight and fetal length. The subjects of study were Sprague-Dawley female rats, which were subdivided into four groups. Each group consisted of five pregnant rats which euthanized on GD 14 and GD 20. Induction of experimental periodontitis was performed by injection of 0.05 ml live-Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 with a concentration of 2x10 9 CFU/ml into the distopalatal and distobuccal gingival sulcus area of maxillary first molar. Blood of the maternal retro-orbital venous plexus and the umbilical cord were conducted immediately to bacteremia test, while the maternal blood serum and amniotic fluid were conducted to endotoxemia test. Each fetus was taken post-mortem from the chorioamniotic sac. Placental weight, fetal weight and fetal length were counted and recorded for each of the maternal. Furthermore, the placental immunohistochemically was undertaken to determine the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, TNF-α, IL-10 and caspase-3. This study has identified Porphyromonas gingivalis dissemination into the maternal bloodstream and the umbilical cord. Furthermore, the mean of LPS concentrations in amniotic fluid on GD 14 and GD 20 was significantly different (P<0,005) among the four maternal periodontal infection groups. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in maternal periodontal tissue may result in placental weight, fetal weight and fetal length on the Pg-BD, Pg-B and Pg-D groups lower (P<0,005) than control group on both GD 14 and GD 20. Expression of TLR-4, TLR-2, TNF-α, IL-10 and caspase-3 in the placenta affects (P<0.005) to the placental weight, and the fetal weight and length. The increased expression of TLR-4, TLR-2, TNF-α, IL-10 and caspase-3 in the placenta would result in decreased placental weight, fetal weight and fetal length. The decreased weight of placenta would result in reduced weight and length of fetuses on GD 14 and GD 20. Therefore, it can be concluded that the maternal periodontal health during pregnancy affects maternal status implied by changes in placental function and fetal growth. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in maternal periodontal tissue can result in decreased placental weight, fetal weight and fetal length which mediated by increased expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, TNF-α, IL-10 and caspase-3 in the placenta

PENGEMBANGAN KOMPOSIT POLIVINIL ALKOHOL (PVA)�HIDROKSIAPATIT BOVINE DENGAN PENGUAT CATGUT DAN GLUTARALDEHID SEBAGAI CROSSLINKER UNTUK MATERIAL FIKSASI PATAH TULANG RAHANG

The use of bone fracture fixation devices has become routine procedure by using a rigid material such as titanium. The strength and stiffness of the material are too high causes atrophy of the underlying bone. Some other disadvantages led to the need for secondary surgery to remove the device. Biodegradable bone fracture fixation material developed to overcome the disadvantages of metal fixation and avoid secondary operations. Use of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) increases in several biomedical applications that do not require high mechanical strength. In this study, catgut that has been used for absorbable suturing wounds has woven to act as a reinforcement. Bovine hydroxyapatite (HA) was used as filler material has a bioactive and osteoconductive materials and has a good biocompatibility. To improve the mechanical strength was also used glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker to the PVA. The aim of the study was to determine whether the catgut reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)�bovine HA composites and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker having adequate and stable mechanical strength of bone fracture fixation material and has good biocompatibility without toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions in experimental animals after biodegradation tests for 30 and 60 days. Methods of research were obtained by the tensile and bending specimen tests with any concentrations. In vitro biodegradation test was performed by immersing the specimens in PBS solution of pH 7.4 at the 37 oC for 30 and 60 days. Specimen weight, tensile and bending strength, characterization included FT-IR and SEM studies were performed before and after immersion. Finally, in vivo biocompatibility tests, including type IV contact hypersensitivity and local toxicity tests were performed. The results showed there was a slight decrease of the specimen mass weight mean in all groups due to polymer PVA dissolved. Mechanical tests showed the catgut reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)� bovine HA (60:40) weight fraction composites and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker had the highest mechanical strength mean, were 43.06±0.18 MPa in the tensile strength and 46.04±2.57 MPa in the bending strength before immersion. There were a decreased in the tensile strength and the bending strength after immersion for 60 days. The mechanical strength had still above the masticatory muscle strength which can lead to tensile and bending forces to mandibular bone fractures, about to 25 MPa. The results showed that the catgut reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)�bovine HA (60:40) weight fraction composites and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker had adequate and stable mechanical strength as the bone fracture fixation material after biodegradation test for 30 and 60 days. The FT-IR characterization study showed functional groups increases of composites. SEM study showed the morphological changes of the catgut reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)�bovine HA (60:40) weight fraction composites and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. FT-IR and SEM studies showed the biodegradation process with polymer PVA dissolved after immersion for 30 and 60 days. The biocompatibility tests showed that the material had not caused hypersensitivity and toxicity reactions in experimental animals. It can be concluded that the composites can be developed for biodegradable bone fracture fixation material as titanium substituted