Pengaruh Perbandingan Massa dengan Solven dan Suhu terhadap Perolehan Minyak dari Ekstraksi Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)

Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is a type of plant that has economical value. Almost all parts of papaya plants have benefits, such as food and beverage, animal feed, cosmetic ingredients, and traditional medicinal materials. Although parts of papaya are widely used in various fields, but the benefits of papaya seeds are still not widely known to the public. This study aims to utilize papaya seed waste as a source of vegetable oil. The extraction of vegetable oil from papaya seeds was done by extraction process, with the variables studied of papaya seed mass ratio:solvent volume, and extraction temperature. The design of this study used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of two factors: first, the effect variation of papaya seed grass 15 grams, 25 grams, and 35 grams to the oil gained in 250 mL solvent n-hexane. The second factor used temperature variation of 55oC, 60oC, 65oC. The analysis of oil used GC-MS to know the content of the papaya seed oil. The results showed in the temperature range 55oC, 60oC, 65oC, the higher the extraction temperatures, the more extract the oil obtained. The same holds true for the increasing mass ratio of papaya seeds: volume solvent. With a mass of 15 grams: 250 mL solvent obtained oil content of 4.53%, for mass 25 grams: 250 mL obtained levels 15.16% and mass 35 grams: 250 mL oil content reached 24.80%

Prarancangan Pabrik Sodium Silikat Dari Pasir Silika Dan Natrium Hidroksida Kapasitas 65.000 Ton Per Tahun

Sodium silicate plant with raw materials of sodium hydroxide and silica sand, is planned to be established in the industrial area of Gresik with a capacity of 65,000 tons/year. In the process of producing sodium silicate is performed using continueous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) by reacting sodium hydroxide and silica sand. In the reactor the reaction undergoes liquid-liquid phase, endothermic, with operating temperatures of 220OC and a pressure of 24 bar. To produce sdium silica the process requires raw materials including 3029.54 kgs/hour of sodium hydroxide and 5696.8 kgs/hour of silica sand. The process also needs utilities including 64,394.34 kgs/hour of water, 8,175.9 kgs/hour of steam, 520 liters/hour of fuel diesel, 587.4 kW of electricity obtained from the PLN, and 587.4 kW of generator as backup need 79.01 liters / hour of fuel. Sodium silicate plant with a capacity of 65,000 tons/year. The plant is planned to operate for 330 days/year, and will be established in East Java Gresik Industrial area with a land area of 12,371 m2 and the number of employees is 188 people. The sodium silicate plant require the production costs Rp241,686,040,102.00. The economic analysis of this plant showed a profit before tax of Rp66,338,756,994.00 per year, after tax profits reached Rp49,754,667,745.00 25% per year. The Percent Return On Investment (ROI) before tax 27.4% and 20.6% after taxes. The Pay Out Time (POT) before tax is was 2.67 years and 3.27 years after tax. The Break Even Point (BEP) amounted to 53.6% and the Shut Down Point (SDP) of 28.2%. The Interval rate of return (IRR) accounted for 46.05%. From these analysis economy concluded that the plant is profitable and feasible to set

Analisis Sifat Fisis dan Mekanik Papan Komposit dari Sekam Padi dan Plastik Daur Ulang

The development of science and technology is very fast, especially in the field of materials such as composite. The developed composites are usually made of raw wastes. This study aims to determine the effect of the composistion of composites fillers, rice husk-LDPE plastic waste recycle-epoxy on the impact and water absorption. The composites were made with the variations of rice husk and LDPE plastic waste of (40% : 60%); (50% : 50%); (60% : 40%). The highest impact strength was obtained to be 85,9506 kJ/m^2 for composites with the composition of rice husk and LDPE recycled plastic waste (40% : 60%), while the highest water absorption occurred at the composition of (60% : 40%) is 0,487 g, or percentage of water absorption of 0,5791%, where these results met the standart SNI 03-2105-2006

Pengaruh Jenis dan Konsentrasi Pelarut Terhadap Rendemen Ekstrak Flavonoid Daun Sawo Duren (Crysophillum cainito L.) Dengan Metode Maserasi

Sapodilla duren (Crysophillum cainito L.) is easy to grow in tropical regions of Indonesia, and its leaves are thought to contain a variatey of flavonoids, one of anti-oxidant which is beneficial for health. This research studies the isolation process of flavonoid compounds in durian sapodilla leaves by using maceration extraction method. The influence of the type of solvent (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate) and solvent concentration (50, 70, 85%) on the flavonoid yield was studied. The results show the highest yield in maceration extraction using methanol solvent with a concentration of 50%, and for the total level of flavonoids was obtained with ethanol solvent 85%

Manufacturing Of Tissue: The Effect Of Material And Amount Of Chitosan And Starch

Tisu umumnya digunakan sebagai kebutuhan pribadi dalam kehidupan. Penggundulan hutan yang disebabkan produksi tisu menjadi masalah besar. Masyarakat peduli dengan solusi untuk menyalamatkan dunia dari global warming. Solusi dari masalah ini adalah mencari bahan baku alternative yang mengandung selulosa untuk memproduksi tisu yaitu kulit pisang dan kulit durian yang mengandung selulosa 50-60% untuk durian, dan kulit pisang 60-65%. Empat langkah dalam proses memproduksi tisu. Langkah pertama dilakukan dengan pengeringan untuk mengurangi kadar air dalam bahan. Proses kedua adalah pembuatan pulp dengan senyawa NaOH. Ketiga, proses pemutihan menggunakan H2O2. Keempat, jumlah kitosandan pati yangdirancang dengan perbandingan berat 1:1sebanyak 1;1,5;2;2,5;3 gram masing-masing dalam 50 mesh di campurkan dengan 30 gram bahan. Kualitas tisu cocok untuk produksi dalam skala besar. Kondisi optimal berkisar 1,5 hingga 3 gram dimana kualitas memenuhi standart tisu sesuai dengan SNI 0103:2008. Tissue is commonly used as personal needs in life. Deforestation due to tissue production is big issue. People are concerned with the solution to save the world from the global warming. The solution of this problem can be done by changing wood as raw material to alternative material containing cellulose for producing tissue. This research studied the production of tissue from alternative raw materials are banana peel and durian peel, containing cellulose 60-65% for durian, and 50-60% banana. There were four steps in the process of producing the tissue. The first step was drying pretreatment to decrease the water contain. The second process was chemical pulping with addition of chemical compound NaOH. Third, bleaching process using H2O2. Fourth, sheeting with designed amount of chitosan and starch with the ratio 1:1 weight as much as 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 grams respectively in 50 mesh, mixed in 30 grams of peel. The quality of the tissue was suitable for tissue production in the large scale. The optimum conditions were achieved at the weight range of 1.5- 3 grams where the quality met the standard tissue according SNI 0103:2008

Prarancangan Pabrik Sorbitol Dengan Proses Hidrogenasi Katalitik Kapasitas 65.000 Ton/Tahun

Sorbitol is an intermediate product obtained by the reaction of glucose with hydrogen gas. In the chemical industry sorbitol used for additional material in the final product. Sorbitol is widely used as a substitute artificial sweetener glucose for diabetics, as raw material for the manufacture of vitamin C. In the cosmetics industry is used as an ingredient in creams, ointments, emulsions, lotions, gels and toothpaste. Factory sorbitol and glucose feedstocks with hydrogen palnned to be established industrial area of Kendal, Central Java with a capacity of 65,000 tons per year. The factory is expected to reduce the need for imported Indonesian sorbitol and sufficiency in the country and increase the export of Indonesian sorbitol. The process of making sorbitol by catalytic hydrogenation process is carried out in a fixed bed reactor with the aid of Raney nickel catalyst. The reaction takes place in the manufacture of sorbitol liquid-gas phase, is exothermic. The operating conditions of the reactor is designed to be nonisothermal at operating temperature range 130-180oC with no energy is added or taken (adiabatic) and an operating pressure of 70 atm. For a plant capacity of 65,000 ton per year sorbitol and glucose feedstocks need for 11712.9602 kg / hour and hydrogen as much as 66.2697 kg / hour and requires activated carbon for purification as much 1177.9230 kg / hour. Factory sorbitol has a support unit that processes the utility unit includes water supply units, steam and electricity. The water requirement for the utility plant as much 5020.6295 kg / hour obtained from the river, steam provider unit capable of producing steam at 6459.715 kg / hour for the electricity needs of the plant as much as 370.9852 kWh obtained from PLN. The factory also has a reserve of 500 kWh generator with diesel fuel as much as 632 liters / hour, which is used if there are problems of supply of electricity. The need of area used for the establishment of 65,600 m2 factory sorbitol and require a staff of about 139 people. Factory sorbitol choose a limited liability company as a form of business entity. Sorbitol factory in operation for 330 days per year. Factory sorbitol require Rp 472,841,072,286.65 fixed capital and working capital of RP 203,903,938,277.50. Economic analysis of sorbitol plant showed a profit before tax of Rp 182,571,489,244.74 per year and after tax profit to Rp 136,928,616,933.55 per year. Percent Return On Investment (ROI) before tax after tax 39.23% and 29.42%. Pay Out Time (POT) before tax and after tax of 2.03 years 2.54 years. Break Even Point (BEP) which is equal to 52.75%, Shut Down Point (SDP) amounted to 37.69%. Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) accounted for 25.24%. Consideration of the economic aspect of the analysis we can conclude that sorbitol feasible to set up factories

Pengaruh Fraksi Volume Penguat Terhadap Kekuatan Komposit dari Serbuk Sabut Kelapa dan Serat Pelepah Batang Pisang-Epoxy

This research aims to analyze the effects of composite composition of epoxy resin, banana stem frond, and coconut coir powder on the tensile strength and impact strength of composites produced. This research method used the hand lay-up method. The fiber was treated without alkalization or 5% alkalization for 2 hours. The tensile test specimens were formed according to ASTM D638M, standard, and the bending test specimens followed ASTM E23. From the impact test treatment, the highest results were obtained in composites with a composition of 30%: 35%: 35% with an impact value of 0.0125 N/mm2 and the lowest results were composites with a coposition of 70%: 15%: 15% with a value of 0.0052 N/mm2. At the tensile test, the most optimal tensile strength occured at a composition of 30%: 35%: 35% which is equal to 0.17N/mm2, while the lowest was composite with a composition of 70%: 15%: 15% which was equal to 0,06 N/mm2

Pengaruh Volume Gliserol Dan Waktu Pengadukan Terhadap Kualitas Bioplastik Dari Limbah Nata De Coco

Plastik biodegradable merupakan bahan plastik yang ramah terhadap lingkungan karena sifatnya yang dapat terurai oleh mikroba di alam. Penelitian ini mempelajari pembuatan bioplastik dari limbah nata de coco karena potensi kandungan selulosanya. Limbah nata de coco dicampur dengan kitosan, aquadest, asam asetat dengan variasi volume gliserol (2, 3, 5, dan 7 mL) dan waktu pengadukan (15, 25, 35, dan 45 menit). Hasil film bioplastik diuji sifat mekaniknya meliputi uji kuat tarik, uji elongasi, dan uji biodegradasi. Nilai uji kuat tarik tertinggi yaitu dengan penambahan 2 mL gliserol dan waktu pengadukan selama 25 menit, sebesar 0,480 Mpa. Nilai uji elongasiutertinggi yaitu 7 mL gliserol dengan waktu pengadukan selama 45 menit, sebesar 6,92%. Sedangkan nilai uji biodegradasi terlama yaitu 7 mL gliserol dengan waktu pengadukan selama 45hmenit yang terdegradasi selama 15,5ihari

Tugas Prarancangan Pabrik Maleic Anhydride dari Reaksi Oksidasi N-Butana dengan Kapasitas 33.000 Ton/Tahun

Maleic anhydride or anhidrida maleat is one of chemicals that has many uses in the industrial field, namely as a raw material of unsaturated polyester resin, alkyl resin, copolymer, agricultural chemical and lubricant additive. Maleic Anhydride is produced by the n-butane oxidation process in the gas phase which takes place in a multi tube fixed bed reactor with the help of Vanadium Phosphorous Oxide (VPO) catalyst. Oxidation reaction works at the temperature of 390˚C and pressure of 2 atm. The formation proceeds of maleic anhydride works by non isothermally, and non adiabatic, and runs irreversibly. Maleic anhydride plant requires raw material of n-butana is 4,161.63 kg/hour, and maleic anhydride produced is 4,162,46 kg/hour. Utility for process that provides steam 54,484.26 kg/hour, cooling water make up 794,393.45 kg/hour, sanitation 1.65,20 kg/hour, the air pressure of 50 kg/hour, fuel 18,397,08 m3, and electricity 532,06 kW. The maleic anhydride plant is planned to be established in 2025 in Ogan ilir, South Sumatra. Fixed capital investment (FCI) of this plant is Rp406,847,438,264, working capital is Rp58,448,612,733. From the economic analysis can be shown that the percent return on investment (ROI) before tax is 78.99% and after tax is 59.24%. Pay out time (POT) before tax is 1.12 year while after tax is 1.44 year. Break event point (BEP) is 45.33% while the shut down point (SDP) is 38.03%. From the result of the economic analysis maleic anhydride plant with the oxidation reaction of n-butane is feasible to be established. Keywords : Maleic anhydride, fixed bed multitube reactor, oxidation reaction of n-butane

Pengaruh Komposisi dan Waktu Pengomposan terhadap Kualitas Pupuk dari Limbah Serbuk Gergaji

Organic fertilizer consists of organic materials derived from plants or animals that have been treated through an engineering process, to improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. This research studied the manufacture of organic fertilizer made of raw sawdust and cow dung. The microorganism used to decompose the organic matters was Effective Microorganisms 4 (EM4). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of composition and composting time on fertilizer quality. The composition of fertilizer was varied with the mass of sawdust and cow dung, namely P (150 g + 50 g), Q (300 g + 50 g), and R (450 g + 50 g), with composting time period of 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks. The quality of fertilizer was tested by observing the growth of test plants. From the observation, the best growth of the plant was obtained after 14 days,i.e 9.98; 8.96; 8.23; and 8.28 cm