Argumenty na rzecz lokalnej filantropii

Praktyka podstawowymbudulcem lokalnychzasobów, potencja?ui zaufani

Ekonomický růst a jeho environmentální a sociální souvislosti

Článek shrnuje současné argumenty pro a proti ekonomickému růstu s důrazem na argumentaci „zvýšené efektivnosti“ a „ nahraditelnosti zdrojů“, v závěru stručně přestavuje hnutí udržitelného nerůstu.Článek shrnuje současné argumenty pro a proti ekonomickému růstu s důrazem na argumentaci „zvýšené efektivnosti“ a „ nahraditelnosti zdrojů“, v závěru stručně přestavuje hnutí udržitelného nerůstu.The paper summarises current arguments for and against economic growth with emphasis on the argumentation of "enhanced effectiveness" and "resource substitutability", in the final part it briefly introduces the concept of sustainable degrowth

Argumenty przeciw „pieniądzom z helikoptera”

Since the outbreak of the latest financial crisis central banks in several countries have decided to apply non-conventional monetary policy measures. Other monetary authorities behaved more conventionally but conducted a very loose monetary policy anyway. The goal of the paper is to discuss threats and possible consequences of treating the money instrumentally (monetary easing, government financing by the central bank). The authorities tend to arbitrary reinforce just one function of money, a medium of exchange, in order to artificially increase the sales and production of goods and services while neglecting other major function: a store of value. Fast growing money aggregates, awareness that there is no limit for money creation, and ideas such as “helicopter money” stimulate the attempts to storage the wealth in different form, e.g. cryptocurrency. The remarks were formulated from the conventional and Islamic finance perspective. Statistical data come from the euro area, Poland, and Iran, where banking system is fully Islamic.Po wybuchu ostatniego kryzysu finansowego banki centralne szeregu krajów zaczęły wykorzystywać niekonwencjonalne instrumenty polityki pieniężnej, zaś inne, choć pozostały przy bardziej tradycyjnych instrumentach, stosowały mało restrykcyjną politykę. Celem artykułu jest omówienie niebezpieczeństw i potencjalnych konsekwencji traktowania pieniądza w sposób instrumentalny (luzowanie ilościowe i finansowanie długu publicznego przez bank centralny). Władze państwowe mają tendencję do kładzenia nacisku na tylko jedną funkcję pieniądza, a mianowicie jako środka cyrkulacji, by w sztuczny sposób zwiększyć sprzedaż oraz produkcję towarów i świadczenie usług, przy jednoczesnym lekceważeniu innej ważnej funkcji: środka tezauryzacji. Szybko rosnące agregaty monetarne, świadomość, że nie ma tak naprawdę ograniczeń w kreacji pieniądza, jak również pomysły typu „pieniądz z helikoptera” powodują, że na znaczeniu zyskują pomysły, jak przechowywać bogactwo w innej formie, np. w kryptowalutach. Rozważania w artykule są prowadzone z perspektywy dwóch konwencjonalnych banków centralnych (EBC, NBP) i jednego islamskiego (Bank Centralny Iranu)

The Putin phenomenon

The Putin presidency in Russia became increasingly popular as it progressed and a leadership cult developed around the president himself. Not only was there general satisfaction with the leadership as a whole, there was also evidence that it was regarded as increasingly successful in all fields of policy, particularly in international affairs; and focus group discussions as well as surveys suggested the newly elected president, Dmitri Medvedev, would be expected to continue those policies. A closer examination of the survey evidence suggests that the Putin leadership in fact had relatively weak roots in the wider society, and drew widely but superficially on public support. More than anything else it was the strong economic performance of these years that generated support for the Putin presidency, and this suggested that any future leader would depend for his position on maintaining that economic performance in what were now more difficult circumstances

The CPSU and its members: between communism and postcommunism

Once dominant and unchallenged throughout the USSR, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union rapidly lost authority in the last two years of Soviet rule. Banned by Russian presidential decree after the failure of the attempted coup of August 1991, it was re-established in February 1993 and soon became the largest of the postcommunist parties. A 1992 survey of current and former party members as well as other Russians found that members were characterized by a relatively high degree of activism. They were disproportionately male, more affluent than non-members, and better provided with consumer goods. Younger respondents and religious believers were more likely to have left the party than their older colleagues. Those who still regarded themselves as party members were the most likely to oppose economic reform and support the collectivist principles of the communist era, particularly if they were activists; but the differences between members and non-members were not substantial, and both were found to hold generally pessimistic views on the postcommunist system. These findings suggest that, although former members will continue to be influential, CPSU membership is by itself likely to play a limited part in shaping the political direction of postcommunist Russia

Wh-questions and extraction asymmetries in Malagasy

The languages of the world differ with respect to argument extraction possibilities. In languages such as English, wh-movement is possible from Spec IP and from the complement position, whereas in languages such as Malagasy only extraction from Spec IP is possible. This difference correlates with the fact that these language types obey different island constraints and behave differently with respect to wh-in situ and superiority effects. The goal of this paper is to outline an analysis for these differences. The basic idea is that in contrast to languages such as English, in Malagasy-type languages every argument can be merged in the complement position of the selecting head

It might take two to tango, but only one can lead

This repository item contains a single issue of Behind the Breaking News, a briefing published from 1999 to 2009 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy