تتبع الحياة الحيوانية في المحميات الطبيعية باستخدام شبكات الحساسات اللاسلكية الهجينة

التطور الكبير الذي حدث في مجال شبكات الحساسات اللاسلكية المتنقلة  له العديد من التطبيقات الهامة جداً، أحد أهم هذه التطبيقات التي أثارت اهتمام العلماء في الآونة الأخيرة هو تتبع الحيوانات في مواطنها من أجل متابعة سلوك وحياة بعض الحيوانات المهددة بالانقراض، لكن مراقبة نشاط الحيوانات في الغابات مهمة صعبة جداً وخصوصاً إذا كانت الحيوانات المراد مراقبتها صغيرة جداً ، وبالتالي لا يمكن استخدام أنظمة التتبع التقليدية كنظام (GPS)، كذلك الطبيعة القاسية والخطيرة التي تتمتع بها الغابات جعل من استخدام شبكات الحساسات اللاسلكية هو الحل الأنسب وخاصة أن الحساسات في طبيعتها منخفضة التكلفة صغيرة الحجم فهي مناسبة لمثل هذه  المهمات. سوف ندرس في هذا البحث طريقة جديدة لتتبع مجموعة من طيور الحجل ، حيث يتم وضع الحساسات على هذه الطيور من أجل مراقبة نمط وسلوك حياتها ، فالتحدي الهام في هذا البحث هو معرفة مواقع هذه الحيوانات المتحركة عند حاجتنا لذلك لنتمكن من تقديم المساعدة الضرورية لها وفي الوقت المناسب ، لذلك سوف نقدم طريقة جديدة تؤمن لنا دقة مقبولة في تحديد مواقع الحيوانات لكن بطريقة بسيطة وسهلة وغير مكلفة وقليلة استهلاك الطاقة مقارنة مع الطرق الأخرى المتبعة في تتبع الحيوانات ، وذلك بالاعتماد على مجموعة من العقد المرجعية المعروفة الموقع مسبقا، حيث يتم إرسال معلومات الحساسات المتحركة إلى مجمع مركزي عن طريق هذه العقد المرجعية وتحليلها والاستفادة منها في تحديد موقع تقريبي للحيوان ، سوف نقوم بتقييم هذه الطريقة باستخدام محاكي الشبكات (NS2). The great development of mobile wireless sensor networks has many very important applications. One of the most important applications that has attracted scientists' attention recently is to track animals in their homes to follow the behavior and lives of some endangered animals, but monitoring animals activities in the forest  is a very difficult task, especially if the animals to be monitored  are teeny, therefore  we cannot use the traditional tracking systems ) like GPS, As well as the harsh and dangerous nature of the forest make the use of wireless sensor networks the best solution, especially that sensors are low-cost, small size, which made them suitable for such tasks, in this research we will study  new way to track a group of partridge where sensors are placed on these birds to observe their life and behavior ,The important challenge in this research is to know the location of these mobile birds  to be able to the help them in appropriate time , so will introduce a new method that provides us with acceptable accuracy, a simple, easy, inexpensive and low energy consumption compared with other methods of  animals tracking ,based on a set of predefined reference nodes, where sensors information is sent to a  gathering center through these reference nodes ,then  Analyze it and  use it to  the approximate location of the animals. We will evaluate this method using Network Simulator (NS2)

Effect of forest mosaics, water availability and landscape fragmentation on the spatial distribution of Human-Elephant Conflict: An exploratory study in the Human-impacted landscapes of Western Ghats, India.

openDespite the worldwide intensifying human-wildlife conflict, there is still an incomplete understanding of how the configuration of human-modified landscapes affects the occurrence of wildlife crop raiding. Whereas often being homogeneous (in particular: monoculture farming), human-modified landscapes may also be rather heterogeneous (e.g., the mosaic patchwork of natural vegetation and various crop types). The spatial factors associated with wildlife crop raiding in heterogeneous human-modified landscapes remain largely unexplored, especially for the notorious crop raider: the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus). The objective is to elucidate ecological dimension variables that influence the presence of human Elephant conflict in a human-modified heterogeneous landscape by examining occurrences of crop depredation by Asiatic Elephants in the Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. The study was conducted in Western Ghats, India, which is a heterogeneous landscape of various anthropogenic land use types (plantations, diverse agricultural fields, water ponds, and villages), interspersed with natural forest patches. Socioeconomic data obtained through semi-structured interviews, observations, and group discussions with the forest authorities provided ecological dimension variables. The governmental financial compensation data for crop losses were analyzed to assess the spatial distribution of human-Elephant conflict (HEC). We used the land cover data from ESA Sentinel-2 imagery to generate a GIS map, which distinguishes forest type, vegetation type, water sources, and settlements along with the spatial arrangement of HEC-affected farmers. We quantified heterogeneity of land cover as the majority of land cover types occur in a buffer of 500 m radius around the farmers’ field. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify ecological predictors that best explained the occurrences of conflict in the study area. The relationship between the presence of HEC and landscape attributes was investigated using a logistic regression model with a binomial error structure which depicted that the presence of HEC increases with land cover heterogeneity and proximity to natural forests and decreases with the distance to settlements. Further, no correlations of HEC events were found with the proximity of the farmer’s field to water sources. For the heterogeneous human-modified landscape of Western Ghats, nearby patches of natural forests are a prerequisite for Elephant presence and crop raiding, with plantations merely acting as temporary Elephant refuge. More generally, the implication is that homogenization of the landscape (e.g., attrition of natural forest patches) would locally reduce conflict and intensify crop raiding towards heterogeneous areas containing the very last forest fragments.Despite the worldwide intensifying human-wildlife conflict, there is still an incomplete understanding of how the configuration of human-modified landscapes affects the occurrence of wildlife crop raiding. Whereas often being homogeneous (in particular: monoculture farming), human-modified landscapes may also be rather heterogeneous (e.g., the mosaic patchwork of natural vegetation and various crop types). The spatial factors associated with wildlife crop raiding in heterogeneous human-modified landscapes remain largely unexplored, especially for the notorious crop raider: the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus). The objective is to elucidate ecological dimension variables that influence the presence of human Elephant conflict in a human-modified heterogeneous landscape by examining occurrences of crop depredation by Asiatic Elephants in the Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. The study was conducted in Western Ghats, India, which is a heterogeneous landscape of various anthropogenic land use types (plantations, diverse agricultural fields, water ponds, and villages), interspersed with natural forest patches. Socioeconomic data obtained through semi-structured interviews, observations, and group discussions with the forest authorities provided ecological dimension variables. The governmental financial compensation data for crop losses were analyzed to assess the spatial distribution of human-Elephant conflict (HEC). We used the land cover data from ESA Sentinel-2 imagery to generate a GIS map, which distinguishes forest type, vegetation type, water sources, and settlements along with the spatial arrangement of HEC-affected farmers. We quantified heterogeneity of land cover as the majority of land cover types occur in a buffer of 500 m radius around the farmers’ field. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify ecological predictors that best explained the occurrences of conflict in the study area. The relationship between the presence of HEC and landscape attributes was investigated using a logistic regression model with a binomial error structure which depicted that the presence of HEC increases with land cover heterogeneity and proximity to natural forests and decreases with the distance to settlements. Further, no correlations of HEC events were found with the proximity of the farmer’s field to water sources. For the heterogeneous human-modified landscape of Western Ghats, nearby patches of natural forests are a prerequisite for Elephant presence and crop raiding, with plantations merely acting as temporary Elephant refuge. More generally, the implication is that homogenization of the landscape (e.g., attrition of natural forest patches) would locally reduce conflict and intensify crop raiding towards heterogeneous areas containing the very last forest fragments