32,324 research outputs found
Preventing False Discovery in Interactive Data Analysis is Hard
We show that, under a standard hardness assumption, there is no
computationally efficient algorithm that given samples from an unknown
distribution can give valid answers to adaptively chosen
statistical queries. A statistical query asks for the expectation of a
predicate over the underlying distribution, and an answer to a statistical
query is valid if it is "close" to the correct expectation over the
distribution.
Our result stands in stark contrast to the well known fact that exponentially
many statistical queries can be answered validly and efficiently if the queries
are chosen non-adaptively (no query may depend on the answers to previous
queries). Moreover, a recent work by Dwork et al. shows how to accurately
answer exponentially many adaptively chosen statistical queries via a
computationally inefficient algorithm; and how to answer a quadratic number of
adaptive queries via a computationally efficient algorithm. The latter result
implies that our result is tight up to a linear factor in
Conceptually, our result demonstrates that achieving statistical validity
alone can be a source of computational intractability in adaptive settings. For
example, in the modern large collaborative research environment, data analysts
typically choose a particular approach based on previous findings. False
discovery occurs if a research finding is supported by the data but not by the
underlying distribution. While the study of preventing false discovery in
Statistics is decades old, to the best of our knowledge our result is the first
to demonstrate a computational barrier. In particular, our result suggests that
the perceived difficulty of preventing false discovery in today's collaborative
research environment may be inherent
Polypropylene Mesh Implant and A-prf Membrane for Reconstruction of the Traumatic Defects of the Lateral and Back Wall of the Maxillary Sinus
. Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible use of Polypropylene mesh implant and A-PRF membrane for covering the defects of the lateral and back wall of the maxillary sinus after its traumatic damages.Materials: non-resorbable Polypropylene mesh implant was used in 10 patients as a barrier membrane for prevention of adipose tissue herniation into maxillary sinus.Method: 3 D CT was used for assessment of bone fragments position and volumetric parameters of the maxillary sinus before and after surgical repair.Result: Postoperative 3-D CT after 2 months demonstrated effective reestablishment of anatomical configuration of sinus and its volume, absence of pathological inflammatory changes of the sinus mucosa.Conclusion: Polypropylene mesh implant provides effective barrier between soft tissues and maxillary sinus, due to its strength characteristic and biocompatibility
Quantum mechanics is about quantum information
I argue that quantum mechanics is fundamentally a theory about the
representation and manipulation of information, not a theory about the
mechanics of nonclassical waves or particles. The notion of quantum information
is to be understood as a new physical primitive -- just as, following
Einstein's special theory of relativity, a field is no longer regarded as the
physical manifestation of vibrations in a mechanical medium, but recognized as
a new physical primitive in its own right.Comment: 17 pages, forthcoming in Foundations of Physics Festschrift issue for
James Cushing. Revised version: some paragraphs have been added to the final
section clarifying the argument, and various minor clarifying remarks have
been added throughout the tex
- …