Venture capital and internationalization

Cross-border investments represent a substantial share of venture capital activities. We use a new and comprehensive dataset on worldwide investments to analyze the internationalization of venture capital financing. Our results from the perspectives of (i) venture capitalists, (ii) portfolio companies, (iii) portfolio companies' countries and (iv) pairs of venture capitalists' and portfolio companies' countries suggest that some factors, such as viable stock markets, boost investments by domestic as well as by foreign venture capitalists. Therefore, our results are of interest not only to academics but also to policy makers who want to foster the growth of the local venture capital industry and local companies. --Venture capital,internationalization,macroeconomic factors

What lures cross-border venture capital inflows?

The change in the business model of venture capitalists from investing locally towards investing across borders started to intensify in the late 1990s. According to a dataset of European and North-American countries, we find that countries with higher expected growth and higher lagged stock market returns receive larger net cross-border venture capital inflows. Thus, portfolio companies located in high-growth and high-return countries receive more venture capital from foreign venture capitalists than these countries’ venture capitalists invest in foreign portfolio companies. Also, countries with lower stock market capitalizations as well as those with poor tax and legal environments for venture capital intermediation exhibit larger net cross-border inflows. These findings offer important insights for policy makers since cross-border venture capital inflows partly compensate for potential limits in the domestic venture capital supply. --Venture Capital,Internationalization,Net Cross-Border Inflows,Economic Determinants

Economic Geography, Venture Capital and Focal Points of Entrepreneurial Activity

Economic geography receives limited consideration in the venture capital literature. This study utilizes thirty years of data concerning companies that initially were backed by venture capital. These firms are located in Entrepreneurial Focal Points in the United States, namely: California, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and Texas. How well do these companies operate once they go public? Do the scrutiny measures, expertise and financial backing that firms gain from the venture capitalists increase their annual and cumulative returns? The results show that returns on investment are adequate given their substantial risk.Annualized and cumulative returns, Venture Capital, Venture-Backed Public Companies, Active and Inactive firms, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, California, Texas, New York

Corporations and the financing of innovation: The corporate venturing experience

During the past forty years, the media and academics have frequently maligned corporate investments in venture capital and highlighted visible failures. Many corporations' best ideas have languished, whether because of internal resistance or an inability to execute on the initial insight. In other cases, more nimble companies, often venture-backed start-ups, have turned corporations' innovative ideas into commercial successes. So how can companies best stimulate innovation in a corporate setting and replicate the success of the venture capital industry? ; This article explores the history, structure, and performance of corporate venture programs in the United States over the past forty years. The study shows that the U.S. corporate venture capital market has gone through three waves of activity that track the overall independent venture capital market. ; The author's analysis, using detailed microlevel data, finds that corporate venture investments are increasingly made in related industries. In addition, contrary to previous assumptions, corporate venture capital investments have, on average, been more successful than independent venture capital investments. This success is exclusively associated with strategic corporate venture investments. This study concludes that corporations appear to be learning many of the best practices from the independent venture capital sector.Venture capital ; Productivity ; Technology ; Economic development

The Incentives to Start New Companies: Evidence from Venture Capital

The standard venture-capital contract rewards entrepreneurs only for creating successful companies that go public or are acquired on favorable terms. As a result, entrepreneurs receive no help from venture capital in avoiding the huge idiosyncratic risk of the typical venture-backed startup. Entrepreneurs earned an average of $9 million from each company that succeeded in attracting venture funding. But entrepreneurs are generally specialized in their own companies and bear the burden of the idiosyncratic risk. Entrepreneurs with a coefficient of relative risk aversion of two would be willing to sell their interests for less than$1 million at the outset rather than face that risk. The standard financial contract provides entrepreneurs capital supplied by passive investors and rewards entrepreneurs for successful outcomes. We track the division of value for a sample of the great majority of U.S. venture-funded companies over the period form 1987 through 2005. Venture capitalists received an average of $5 million in fee revenue from each company they backed. The outside investors in venture capital received a financial return substantially above that of publicly traded companies, but that the excess is mostly a reward for bearing risk. The pure excess return measured by the alpha of the Capital Asset Pricing Model is positive but may reflect only random variation.

Venture Capital Law Renewal: A Solution for Business Convenience and Legal Certainty in Indonesia

Investing, for example, using venture funds, can now be done easily.  Venture funds are raised by venture capital companies and given to investee companies. Problems can arise when the venture capital company does not have a license to operate but carries out activities as if it has a permit. Of course, this can have legal consequences for venture fund investors, investee companies, and venture capital companies. Another problem concerns the legal certainty of venture capital companies for foreigners who wish to invest in Indonesia; foreigners need to be able to judge the appropriateness of the legal products governing venture capital companies. This article is intended to determine the legal consequences facing unlicensed venture capital companies and the legal certainty for foreign investors. This research method uses a normative juridical method by conducting a literature study on the provisions of venture capital companies in Indonesia. Article VCC in Indonesia has contributed to the Indonesian economy by helping businesses grow. However, this growth must be in line with the harmonization of regulations regarding venture law and investment in Indonesia in order to provide legal certainty to prospective investors

On the fundamental role of venture capital

The venture capital industry experienced its biggest decline ever in 2001. The National Venture Capital Association reports that, in the fourth quarter of 2001, investments by venture capital firms were at approximately a third of the level the year before and the amount of money raised by these firms had dropped 80 percent. Many people question whether this trend signals the eventual demise of venture capital. ; However, according to the authors of this article, it is important to put these numbers in perspective. In terms of total dollars invested, 2001 ranks as the venture capital industry's third-best year, and the developments of 2001 are simply an anomaly in an otherwise exceptional growth curve. The article examines the significance of this difference between short- and long-term performance. ; Using the findings from the Stanford Project on Emerging Companies, an interdisciplinary research project that analyzed 170 technology start-up firms, the authors discuss the effects of venture capital on both the market position of the start-up and on internal operational issues. Their research supports the conclusion that venture capitalists provide value-added services that enhance the value of their portfolio companies. The article concludes with some thoughts on the evolution of the venture capital industry in the nineties.Venture capital ; Productivity ; Technology ; Economic development

Financing rural innovation with community development venture capital: models, options and obstacles

Growing local companies is essential to the economic prosperity for many rural regions and residents. Rural economies, however, rarely attract traditional venture capital. Given the important role that patient capital plays in entrepreneurial development, the future economic vitality of rural communities rests, at least in part, on their ability to access such capital. Community development venture capital (CDVC) is a particularly adept model for overcoming the structural obstacles that rural geographies present for venture capital investors. Rubin explores some of the obstacles this model faces, along with options for sources of funding.Community development ; Venture capital

Is the Behavior of German Venture Capitalists Different? Evidence from the Neuer Markt

Using a unique, hand-collected database of all venture- backed firms listed on Germany's Neuer Markt, we analyze the history of venture capital financing of these firms before the IPO and the behavior of venture capitalists at the IPO. We can detect significant differences in the behavior and characteristics of German vs. foreign venture capital firms. The discrepancy in the investment and divestment strategies may be explained by the grandstanding phenomenon, the value-added hypothesis and certification issues. German venture capitalists are typically younger and smaller than their counterparts from abroad. They syndicate less. The sectoral structure of their portfolios differs from that of foreign venture capital firms. We also find that German venture capitalists typically take companies with lower offering volumes on the market. They usually finance firms in a later stage, carry through fewer investment rounds and take their portfolio firms public earlier. In companies where a German firm is the lead venture capitalist, the fraction of equity held by the group of venture capitalists is lower, their selling intensity at the IPO is higher and the committed lock-up period is longer. --Venture Capital,IPO,Lock-up,Neuer Markt

Efficiency Analysis of Sharia Ventura Capital Companies Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Period 2014 – 2018

Efficiency is one of the performance parameters that theoretically underlies the entire performance of a venture capital company. A lot of research on the efficiency of venture capital companies mostly focuses on conventional venture capital companies. Recently, Islamic venture capital companies have developed in various regions in Indonesia and are operated in a modern and sharia manner like other Islamic venture capital companies. This study evaluates the efficiency performance of Islamic venture capital companies in the period 2014 - 2018 (this study uses annual data) using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), where the first step is to measure the technical efficiency performance of venture capital companies using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with using an intermediation approach. Based on the efficiency measurement using the DEA method, it shows that the Sharia Venture Capital Company during the 2014 - 2018 period was still inefficient. The efficiency value of the most efficient venture capital company is 100%. The data used in this study is secondary data, collected from financial reports published by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the websites of each company. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling by taking a sample of 5 (five) Islamic venture capital companies. The input variables used in this study are total assets, capital and labor costs. While the output variable includes financing and revenue sharing