2,102 research outputs found
Vector quantization
During the past ten years Vector Quantization (VQ) has developed from a theoretical possibility promised by Shannon's source coding theorems into a powerful and competitive technique for speech and image coding and compression at medium to low bit rates. In this survey, the basic ideas behind the design of vector quantizers are sketched and some comments made on the state-of-the-art and current research efforts
Perceptually-Driven Video Coding with the Daala Video Codec
The Daala project is a royalty-free video codec that attempts to compete with
the best patent-encumbered codecs. Part of our strategy is to replace core
tools of traditional video codecs with alternative approaches, many of them
designed to take perceptual aspects into account, rather than optimizing for
simple metrics like PSNR. This paper documents some of our experiences with
these tools, which ones worked and which did not. We evaluate which tools are
easy to integrate into a more traditional codec design, and show results in the
context of the codec being developed by the Alliance for Open Media.Comment: 19 pages, Proceedings of SPIE Workshop on Applications of Digital
Image Processing (ADIP), 201
Rate-distortion adaptive vector quantization for wavelet imagecoding
We propose a wavelet image coding scheme using rate-distortion adaptive tree-structured residual vector quantization. Wavelet transform coefficient coding is based on the pyramid hierarchy (zero-tree), but rather than determining the zero-tree relation from the coarsest subband to the finest by hard thresholding, the prediction in our scheme is achieved by rate-distortion optimization with adaptive vector quantization on the wavelet coefficients from the finest subband to the coarsest. The proposed method involves only integer operations and can be implemented with very low computational complexity. The preliminary experiments have shown some encouraging results: a PSNR of 30.93 dB is obtained at 0.174 bpp on the test image LENA (512×512
Polarization of the Renyi Information Dimension with Applications to Compressed Sensing
In this paper, we show that the Hadamard matrix acts as an extractor over the
reals of the Renyi information dimension (RID), in an analogous way to how it
acts as an extractor of the discrete entropy over finite fields. More
precisely, we prove that the RID of an i.i.d. sequence of mixture random
variables polarizes to the extremal values of 0 and 1 (corresponding to
discrete and continuous distributions) when transformed by a Hadamard matrix.
Further, we prove that the polarization pattern of the RID admits a closed form
expression and follows exactly the Binary Erasure Channel (BEC) polarization
pattern in the discrete setting. We also extend the results from the single- to
the multi-terminal setting, obtaining a Slepian-Wolf counterpart of the RID
polarization. We discuss applications of the RID polarization to Compressed
Sensing of i.i.d. sources. In particular, we use the RID polarization to
construct a family of deterministic -valued sensing matrices for
Compressed Sensing. We run numerical simulations to compare the performance of
the resulting matrices with that of random Gaussian and random Hadamard
matrices. The results indicate that the proposed matrices afford competitive
performances while being explicitly constructed.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure
Conditional Entropy-Constrained Residual VQ with Application to Image Coding
This paper introduces an extension of entropy-constrained residual vector quantization (VQ) where intervector dependencies are exploited. The method, which we call conditional entropy-constrained residual VQ, employs a high-order entropy conditioning strategy that captures local information in the neighboring vectors. When applied to coding images, the proposed method is shown to achieve better rate-distortion performance than that of entropy-constrained residual vector quantization with less computational complexity and lower memory requirements. Moreover, it can be designed to support progressive transmission in a natural way. It is also shown to outperform some of the best predictive and finite-state VQ techniques reported in the literature. This is due partly to the joint optimization between the residual vector quantizer and a high-order conditional entropy coder as well as the efficiency of the multistage residual VQ structure and the dynamic nature of the prediction
Balanced Quantization: An Effective and Efficient Approach to Quantized Neural Networks
Quantized Neural Networks (QNNs), which use low bitwidth numbers for
representing parameters and performing computations, have been proposed to
reduce the computation complexity, storage size and memory usage. In QNNs,
parameters and activations are uniformly quantized, such that the
multiplications and additions can be accelerated by bitwise operations.
However, distributions of parameters in Neural Networks are often imbalanced,
such that the uniform quantization determined from extremal values may under
utilize available bitwidth. In this paper, we propose a novel quantization
method that can ensure the balance of distributions of quantized values. Our
method first recursively partitions the parameters by percentiles into balanced
bins, and then applies uniform quantization. We also introduce computationally
cheaper approximations of percentiles to reduce the computation overhead
introduced. Overall, our method improves the prediction accuracies of QNNs
without introducing extra computation during inference, has negligible impact
on training speed, and is applicable to both Convolutional Neural Networks and
Recurrent Neural Networks. Experiments on standard datasets including ImageNet
and Penn Treebank confirm the effectiveness of our method. On ImageNet, the
top-5 error rate of our 4-bit quantized GoogLeNet model is 12.7\%, which is
superior to the state-of-the-arts of QNNs
Introduction to Transformers: an NLP Perspective
Transformers have dominated empirical machine learning models of natural
language processing. In this paper, we introduce basic concepts of Transformers
and present key techniques that form the recent advances of these models. This
includes a description of the standard Transformer architecture, a series of
model refinements, and common applications. Given that Transformers and related
deep learning techniques might be evolving in ways we have never seen, we
cannot dive into all the model details or cover all the technical areas.
Instead, we focus on just those concepts that are helpful for gaining a good
understanding of Transformers and their variants. We also summarize the key
ideas that impact this field, thereby yielding some insights into the strengths
and limitations of these models.Comment: 119 pages and 21 figure
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