Vaccine preventable diseases

Vaccination is one of the most significant public health interventions in history. In this thesis, I present work conducted as an Master of Applied Epidemiology (MAE) Scholar whilst placed at the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) in 2012-2013. During my placement, I was involved in examining the epidemiology of a number of vaccine preventable diseases and also adverse events following immunisation (AEFI). A key requirement of the MAE is the analysis of a public health dataset; of which I present two analyses. Firstly, the impact of the human papillomavirus vaccine on high grade cervical abnormalities (HGAs) in Australia using screening data; the analysis found a significant reduction in HGAs in females under 20 years post-vaccine compared to the pre-vaccine era, suggesting that the vaccine may have contributed to the decline in HGAs.Secondly, the epi-review on passive AEFI surveillance in children less than 18 years of age in 2000-2011 highlighted major events that occurred during this period. I also present two projects conducted as part of the measles outbreak in New South Wales (NSW) during 2012. The first was using a non-validated algorithm to identify an index case following four measles notifications that were linked by time and place to a paediatric hospital. The algorithm was unsuccessful in identifying an index case, however, may serve as a model that can be adapted and possibly validated for use in similar investigations in the future. The second was examining the epidemiology of healthcare transmissions during the outbreak. This study identified the importance of raising awareness of measles among clinicians during outbreaks and that measles control strategies may need a more targeted approach, particularly with limited resources. As part of my epidemiological study, I conducted an epi-review of measles in Australia. Since 1993, there was a considerable decline in measles notifications and hospitalisations; however; between 2000 and 2011, notifications have fluctuated with a notable increase in 2011. National notification data (2009-2011) were also used to estimate the reproduction number (R) for measles. The three methods to estimate R were below one for all years suggesting that measles elimination had been sustained in Australia. I also calculated a measles discard rate in NSW; an indicator of high quality surveillance. This study further supported sustained measles elimination achieving the minimum standard of more than 2 non-measles cases per 100,000 population suggesting that in NSW, endemic measles would be detected if wild virus was re-established. I also present another MAE requirement, evaluating the passive surveillance system for varicella-zoster virus nationally, as part of the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. I found that the sensitivity of the system in detecting the incidence of disease was poor; however, it was sensitive in detecting disease trends when compared to other data sources. Additionally, more consistency in reporting by jurisdictions is necessary to improve the validity of the data. This thesis provides documentation of my MAE activities at NCIRS and includes how these activities have contributed to public health in Australia

Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Vaccine preventable diseases are illnesses that can be defended against with vaccines. Vaccines are drugs that make a person immune to an illness using the body’s natural defense mechanismshttps://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/public_health_posters/1007/thumbnail.jp

Impact of vaccination on vaccine-preventable disease burden in Croatia

The epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases is a result of numerous factors, among which organized active immunization is one of the most important. Analysis of trends in disease incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases is an adequate way to provide evidence of impact of vaccination on disease burden. In this manuscript, trends in vaccine-preventable diseases in Croatia are analyzed. Due to high vaccination coverage with safe and efficacious vaccines, some diseases like poliomyelitis and diphtheria have been eliminated in Croatia, while measles and rubella are at the point of elimination and burden of other vaccine-preventable diseases has been reduced significantly. Until recently, most of the vaccines used in the national immunization schedule have been produced by the Institute of Immunology, Zagreb, and the reduction of disease incidence is largely attributable to the Institute’s vaccines. This especially refers to the Koprowski oral polio vaccine, measles, mumps, rubella and diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccines

Parent's guide to childhood immunizations

3rd Reprint 08/14CS250472Part 1: Vaccine-preventable diseases and childhood vaccines -- Part 2: The immunization office visit -- Part 3: More about vannines -- Part 4: Frequently asked questions -- Part 5: Summary of childhood vaccine preventable diseases -- Glossary201

Parent's guide to childhood immunizations

Revised 08/2015downloads/parents-guide-508.pdfPart 1: Vaccine-preventable diseases and childhood vaccines -- Part 2: The immunization office visit -- Part 3: More about vaccines -- Part 4: Frequently asked questions -- Part 5: Summary of childhood vaccine preventable diseases -- Glossary -- Learn more

Polio and polio vaccine

Polio and HibThis online series of 15 webinars provides an overview of the principles of vaccination, general recommendations, immunization strategies for providers, and specific information about vaccine-preventable diseases and the vaccines that prevent them. Each one-hour webinar explores a chapter from the 13th edition of "Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases," also known widely as "The Pink Book."PB10_Polio_Hib.pd

Protect your child at every age

Age-specific vaccine information.Immunizations have had an enormous impact on improving the health of children in the United States. Most parents today have never seen first-hand the devastating consequences that vaccine-preventable diseases have on a family or community. While these diseases are not common in the U.S., they persist around the world. It is important that we continue to protect our children with vaccines because outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases can and do occasionally occur in this country.Vaccination is one of the best ways parents can protect infants, children, and teens from 16 potentially harmful diseases. Vaccine-preventable diseases can be very serious, may require hospitalization, or even be deadly \u2013 especially in infants and young children.201

Reliability of medical students' vaccination histories for immunisable diseases

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Medical students come into contact with infectious diseases early on their career. Immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases is therefore vital for both medical students and the patients with whom they come into contact.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to compare the medical history and serological status of selected vaccine-preventable diseases of medical students in Germany.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The overall correlation between self-reported medical history statements and serological findings among the 150 students studied was 86.7 %, 66.7 %, 78 % and 93.3 % for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella, conditional on sufficient immunity being achieved after one vaccination. Although 81.2 % of the students' medical history data correlated with serological findings, significant gaps in immunity were found.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our findings indicate that medical history alone is not a reliable screening tool for immunity against the vaccine-preventable diseases studied.</p

Vaccine-preventable diseases and foreign-born populations

Foreign-born individuals account for over 12% of the U.S. population, according to the most recent census data. Since many vaccine-preventable outbreaks in the U.S. have been correlated with disease importation, Congress has mandated vaccinations for numerous immigrant populations. It is essential for primary care physicians to be knowledgeable on the unique immunization-related needs of foreign-born individuals, to recognize some of the cultural and linguistic challenges that immigrants have accessing healthcare, and remember to use each medical encounter as an opportunity to provide necessary vaccinations