Innovation for the Third Sector Economy: Enlightenment from Dematel method

Innovation is needed by all types of organization including those who are coming from the third sector economy. This study tried to develop firmly-paradigm in addressing the term innovation into co-operatives, non-profit organization and social enterprise. Starting with performing a comprehensive literature review, the study found six possible dimensions for innovation namely: (1) organizational capabilities, (2) knowledge management capabilities, (3) external orientation capabilities, (4) learning network capabilities, (5) strategic capabilities and (6) dynamic capabilities. Aiming to provide clear evidence on how each dimension contribute to innovation, the study used Dematel approach to deal with multi-criteria issues. Having collected questionnaires from 26 experts, the study emphasized that external orientation capabilities shares as the greatest influencer among dimensions for the three types of organizations. As point to that, having considered the causal relationship among dimension, this study promotes a new thought in performing innovation. Socio-economy must use the identified-dimension as systematic paradigm. Finally the paper portrayed the sequence through causal-relations analysis, thus providing clear guidance for future agenda. Keywords: innovation, third sector economy, Dematel, external orientation capabilitie

Online Piracy, Anonymity and Social Change – Deviance Through Innovation

This article analyses current trends in the use of anonymity services among younger Swedes (15-25) and focuses on individuals engaging in illegal file sharing in order to better understand the rationale behind both file sharing as well as online anonymity, especially in relation to enforcement of copyright. By comparing the findings of a survey conducted on three different occasions (early 2009, late 2009 and early 2012), we measure the fluctuations in the use of anonymity services among approximately 1,000 15-25-year olds in Sweden, compare them to file sharing frequencies and, to some extent, trends within legal enforcement. The article also suggests that the key to understanding any relationship between copyright enforcement and fluctuations in online anonymity can be found in the law’s relationship to social norms in terms of legitimacy by showing a correlation between file sharing frequency and the use of anonymity services. The findings indicate that larger proportions of frequent file sharers (downloaders) also use anonymity services more often than those who file share less. However, in comparison to the earlier surveys, the strongest increase in the use of anonymity services is found in the groups where file sharing is less frequent, suggesting that reasons for actively making oneself less traceable online other than avoiding copyright enforcement have emerged since the initial two surveys in 2009. Further, the overall increase (from 8.6% to 14.9%) in using anonymity services found for the whole group of respondents suggests both that high file sharing frequency is a driver for less traceability as well as a larger trend for online anonymity relating to other factors than mere file sharing of copyright infringing content – for example, increased governmental identification, data retention and surveillance in the online environment. The results are analysed in Merton’s terminology as file sharers and protocol architects adapting in terms of both innovation and rebellion in the sense that institutional means for achieving specific cultural goals are rejected. This means, to some extent, participating in or contributing to the construction of other means for reaching cultural goals

Metaphors and Norms - Understanding Copyright Law in a Digital Society

This is a compilation thesis in the sociology of law, which analyses copyright law in three steps; the legal norms, the social norms and the underlying conceptions in their metaphorical representation. These three steps assist in answering the overarching question: "How do legal and social norms relate to each other in terms of the conceptions from which they emanate or by which they are constructed, and what is the role played by the explicit metaphors that express these norms?" The thesis shows how the development of copyright in Europe, when faced with the digital challenge, has been resiliently path dependent (Infosoc, IPRED and more). In the thesis, this legal trend is put in contrast to the measured social norm strength of unauthorised file sharing before and after the implementation of IPRED in Sweden in 2009. The results show that although unauthorised file-sharing decreased to some extent, in line with the manifest purpose of the directive, the social norm that corresponds to copyright remained extremely weak. This is indicative of the undeniably existing gap between the legal and the social norms of copyright. Consequences of this gap are shown in the thesis. This gap concerns how the digitalisation of society not only affects norms, but also our language and mind, which is studied in the metaphors that are constructed from underlying conceptions. All of these are relevant to law and legal analysis, especially in transitional times. In an attempt to explain parts of why there is such a distinct gap, the thesis proposes a metaphor and conceptions theory to complement the study of norms, by elaborating on findings in cognitive linguistics. It is argued that metaphors in law, and the underlying conceptions they relate to, are of vital importance for understanding contemporary issues in copyright, especially in the transition from regulating an analogue situation to regulating a digital one. The argument here is that how copyright is conceptualised controls how it is regulated and, in this case, leads to lock-in and dependence around certain metaphors that do not function well with the conditions found in a digital society

Sociotechnical processes of organizational change and continuity

This research combines the in-depth study of technical rationality and social practices with broader institutional influences that support or subvert the course of technology-led change in organizations. It contends that technology is socially shaped within the institutional and technical boundaries and that the choices made by individuals embedded in power relations shape the course of technological adoption in organizations. Two in-depth qualitative case studies are used to explore the sociotechnical processes of continuity and change

CULTIVATING #CUPFUSION: AN EXPLORATION OF THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF COMMUNICATION IN A PUBLIC RELATIONS CAMPAIGN

This dissertation is an exploration into the application of Merton’s (1936) typology of the unanticipated consequences of purposeful social actions, to a public relations campaign. Merton gave consideration to using scientific analysis to understand factors leading to the unanticipated consequences of purposive actions, rather than attributing them to chance or fate. Four of his five factors, including lack of foreknowledge, habit, myopia, and values, have proved applicable to the public relations campaign examined in this case study. The case involves the 2016 Reese’s #Cupfusion campaign. When news of a new Reese’s product, Peanut Butter Cups stuffed with Reese’s Pieces, was leaked on Facebook, the brand manager at Reese’s and a small public relations team at Ketchum decided to “tease” the truth about the release of the product, rather than reveal the existence of the candy. Using qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, organization-provided document analysis, and content analysis of the Reese’s brand Facebook page, this researcher found that by using innovative public relations strategies, combined with a proactive relationship management technique which used social media to cultivate an existing relationship with Reese’s fans on Facebook, the #Cupfusion team was able to cultivate an unintended “viral” outcome for their product roll-out. Merton’s typology of unintended consequences has application for public relations theory and practice. The concept of lack of foreknowledge has implications for both chaos and complexity theory, and how they can be applied to the digital environment and social media, including how organizations can respond to unintended consequences and crisis. This research also supports and adds to social media and strategic campaign planning practice, by providing a lens for the analysis and execution of both pre-implementation and evaluation of public relations campaigns

Les conséquences inattendues de l'utilisation de la télésanté et l'implication des citoyens-patients dans le développement des services au Québec

L’introduction de la télésanté dans l’offre des soins et services implique des changements et des transformations importants, attendus ou inattendus, de diverses natures, et ce à différents niveaux : sociopolitique, économique, organisationnel, clinique, professionnel, culturel, humain, légal, éthique et technologique. Certains enjeux sensibles associés à la télésanté révèlent le fossé existant entre une vision historique, dite techniciste (ou solutionniste), et les attentes, besoins et contextes des utilisateurs en ce qui a trait à sa vraie utilité et valeur ajoutée pour eux. Il est, en effet, à constater que dans l’histoire de l’évolution de la télésanté, notamment au Québec, les citoyens-patients sont les grands absents des décisions relatives au développement des services, alors que leur implication pourrait constituer un levier important pour éclairer la décision. De plus, il y a un manque important de travaux ayant questionné les conséquences multidimensionnelles et systémiques, attendues ou inattendues, négatives ou positives, de la télésanté sur les individus et groupes (ex. patients, communautés, professionnels), les organisations ainsi que sur les systèmes de santé. Cette thèse, composée de deux volets complémentaires, a pour finalité : 1) d’identifier les conséquences inattendues multidimensionnelles et multiniveaux de dix projets innovants et d’envergure de télésanté qui ont été implantés au Québec ; et 2) d’explorer la possibilité d’impliquer les citoyens-patients dans les décisions relatives au développement des services de télésanté selon la perspective croisée des différentes parties prenantes concernées au Québec. Pour le premier volet, soit l’étude des conséquences inattendues de la télésanté, nous avons effectué une analyse secondaire des données d’évaluation de 10 projets innovants et structurants ayant été implantés au Québec sur une période de 22 ans. Les données ont fait l’objet d’une analyse qualitative thématique en prenant pour assise le modèle des conséquences inattendues des technologies d’information en santé (adapté de Bloomrosen et al., 2011). Pour le deuxième volet, soit l’étude de l’implication des citoyens-patients dans le développement des services de télésanté au Québec, des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été menées auprès de 29 informateurs clés. Une analyse qualitative thématique des données a été effectuée en s’appuyant sur un cadre conceptuel intégrateur dérivé des théories de diffusion des innovations (adapté de Greenhalgh et al., 2004). Le premier volet a permis de constater que la télésanté requiert de nombreux ajustements, changements et négociations, souvent sous-estimés dans les étapes de planification des projets de télésanté. De plus, la télésanté peut être à l’origine de nombreuses conséquences inattendues, positives ou négatives, qui touchent aussi bien les individus, les groupes, les organisations que le système de santé dans sa globalité. Le deuxième volet démontre que l’implication des citoyens-patients dans le développement des services de télésanté se réfère davantage à une idée théorique qu’à une pratique réelle dans les organisations et le système de santé du Québec, ce qui lui confère encore un statut d’innovation pour de nombreux acteurs. Malgré les nombreuses incertitudes et les questionnements qui l’accompagnent, cette perspective est perçue comme pouvant éclairer la prise de décision et aider à implanter des services de télésanté harmonieux et socialement responsables, tout en impulsant l’innovation dans les organisations et le système de santé. Par ailleurs, les résultats ont montré que l’implication des citoyens-patients dans la prise de décision est fortement tributaire de nombreuses conditions organisationnelles et systémiques interdépendantes. Ils ont permis de constater un grand fossé entre le monde de la recherche sur la question et celui de la prise de décision, d’où le besoin d’un transfert soutenu des connaissances pour une meilleure traduction des connaissances dans l’actionThe introduction of telehealth in the delivery of healthcare and services involves significant, attended or unintended, changes and transformations of various kinds and at different levels: socio-political, economic, organizational, clinical, professional, cultural, human, legal, ethical and technological. The sensitivity of certain issues associated with telehealth points to the gap between a historical vision, known as a technicist (or solutionist), and the actual expectations, needs and contexts of users with respect to its real usefulness and added value for them. It should indeed be noted that in the history of the evolution of telehealth, especially in Quebec, citizen-patients were the major absentees in decisions relating to the development of the services, whereas their involvement could constitute an important lever to inform decisions. In addition, there is a significant lack of research that has addressing the multidimensional and systemic, attended or unintended, negative or positive, consequences of telehealth on individuals and groups (e.g., patients, communities, and professionals), organizations, and health systems. This thesis, composed of two complementary components, aims to: 1) identify the multidimensional and multilevel unintended consequences of ten innovative and large scale telehealth projects that have been implemented in Quebec; and 2) explore the possibility of involving citizen-patients in decisions concerning the development of telehealth services in the cross-perspective of the different stakeholders concerned in Quebec. We used a predominantly qualitative approach. For the first part, the study of the unintended consequences of telehealth, we conducted a secondary analysis of the evaluation data of 10 innovative and structuring projects having been implemented in Quebec, over a 22-year period. The data were the subject of a thematic qualitative analysis based on the model of the unintended consequences of health information technologies (adapted from Bloomrosen et al., 2011). For the second part, the study of citizenpatient involvement in the development of telehealth services in Quebec, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 key informants. A thematic qualitative analysis of the data was carried out based on an integrative conceptual framework derived from the diffusion of innovation theories (adapted from Greenhalgh et al., 2004). The first part found that telehealth requires many adjustments, changes and negotiations, which are often underestimated in the planning stages of telehealth projects. In addition, telehealth could be the source of many unintended consequences, sometimes harmful, that affect individuals and groups, health organizations, and the health system as a whole. The second part helped show that citizen-patient involvement in the development of telehealth services is more of a theoretical idea than a real practice in Quebec's organizations and health system, which places it still at the stage of innovation for many shareholders. It remains that despite the many uncertainties and questions that accompany it, this perspective is seen as potentially informing decision-making and helping to implement harmonious and socially responsible telehealth services, this while driving innovation in organizations and the health system. In addition, the results showed that citizen-patient involvement in decision-making is highly dependent on many interrelated organizational and systemic conditions. The gap between research on the issue and decision-making has also emerged, pointing out the need for sustained knowledge transfer for a better translation of knowledge into action