31,178 research outputs found
Mapping Big Data into Knowledge Space with Cognitive Cyber-Infrastructure
Big data research has attracted great attention in science, technology,
industry and society. It is developing with the evolving scientific paradigm,
the fourth industrial revolution, and the transformational innovation of
technologies. However, its nature and fundamental challenge have not been
recognized, and its own methodology has not been formed. This paper explores
and answers the following questions: What is big data? What are the basic
methods for representing, managing and analyzing big data? What is the
relationship between big data and knowledge? Can we find a mapping from big
data into knowledge space? What kind of infrastructure is required to support
not only big data management and analysis but also knowledge discovery, sharing
and management? What is the relationship between big data and science paradigm?
What is the nature and fundamental challenge of big data computing? A
multi-dimensional perspective is presented toward a methodology of big data
computing.Comment: 59 page
Spartan Daily, September 21, 1988
Volume 91, Issue 16https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/7742/thumbnail.jp
Was the Higgs boson discovered?
The standard model has postulated the existence of a scalar boson, named the
Higgs boson. This boson plays a central role in a symmetry breaking scheme
called the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism (or the
Brout-Englert-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble mechanism, for completeness) making
the standard model realistic. However, until recently at least, the
50-year-long-sought Higgs boson had remained the only particle in the standard
model not yet discovered experimentally. It is the last but very important
missing ingredient of the standard model. Therefore, searching for the Higgs
boson is a crucial task and an important mission of particle physics. For this
purpose, many theoretical works have been done and different experiments have
been organized. It may be said in particular that to search for the Higgs boson
has been one of the ultimate goals of building and running the LHC, the world's
largest and most powerful particle accelerator, at CERN, which is a great
combination of science and technology. Recently, in the summer of 2012, ATLAS
and CMS, the two biggest and general-purpose LHC collaborations, announced the
discovery of a new boson with a mass around 125 GeV. Since then, for over two
years, ATLAS, CMS and other collaborations have carried out intensive
investigations on the newly discovered boson to confirm that this new boson is
really the Higgs boson (of the standard model). It is a triumph of science and
technology and international cooperation. Here, we will review the main results
of these investigations following a brief introduction to the Higgs boson
within the theoretical framework of the standard model and Brout-Englert-Higgs
mechanism as well as a theoretical and experimental background of its search.
This paper may attract interest of not only particle physicists but also a
broader audience.Comment: LateX, 23 pages, 01 table, 9 figures. To appear in Commun. Phys.
Version 2: Minor changes, two references adde
Data-Driven Operational and Safety Analysis of Emerging Shared Electric Scooter Systems
The rapid rise of shared electric scooter (E-Scooter) systems offers many urban areas a new micro-mobility solution. The portable and flexible characteristics have made E-Scooters a competitive mode for short-distance trips. Compared to other modes such as bikes, E-Scooters allow riders to freely ride on different facilities such as streets, sidewalks, and bike lanes. However, sharing lanes with vehicles and other users tends to cause safety issues for riding E-Scooters. Conventional methods are often not applicable for analyzing such safety issues because well-archived historical crash records are not commonly available for emerging E-Scooters.
Perceiving the growth of such a micro-mobility mode, this study aimed to investigate E-Scooter operations and safety by collecting, processing, and mining various unconventional data sources. First, origin-destination (OD) data were collected for E-Scooters to analyze how E-Scooters have been used in urban areas. The key factors that drive users to choose E-Scooters over other options (i.e., shared bikes and taxis) were identified. Concerning user safety tied to the growing usage, we further assessed E-Scooter user guidelines in urban areas in the U.S. Scoring models have been developed for evaluating the adopted guidelines. It was found that the areas with E-Scooter systems have notable disparities in terms of the safety factors considered in the guidelines. Built upon the usage and policy analyses, this study also creatively collected news reports as an alternative data source for E-Scooter safety analysis. Three-year news reports were collected for E-Scooter-involved crashes in the U.S. The identified reports are typical crash events with great media impact. Many detailed variables such as location, time, riders’ information, and crash type were mined. This offers a lens to highlight the macro-level crash issues confronted with E-Scooters. Besides the macro-level safety analysis, we also conducted micro-level analysis of E-Scooter riding risk. An all-in-one mobile sensing system has been developed using the Raspberry Pi platform with multiple sensors including GPS, LiDAR, and motion trackers. Naturalistic riding data such as vibration, speed, and location were collected simultaneously when riding E-Scooters. Such mobile sensing technologies have been shown as an innovative way to help gather valuable data for quantifying riding risk. A demonstration on expanding the mobile sensing technologies was conducted to analyze the impact of wheel size and riding infrastructure on E-Scooter riding experience. The quantitative analysis framework proposed in this study can be further extended for evaluating the quality of road infrastructure, which will be helpful for understanding the readiness of infrastructure for supporting the safe use of micro-mobility systems.
To sum up, this study contributes to the literature in several distinct ways. First, it has developed mode choice models for revealing the use of E-Scooters among other existing competitive modes for connecting urban metro systems. Second, it has systematically assessed existing E-Scooter user guidelines in the U.S. Moreover, it demonstrated the use of surrogate data sources (e.g., news reports) to assist safety studies in cases where there is no available crash data. Last but not least, it developed the mobile sensing system and evaluation framework for enabling naturalistic riding data collection and risk assessment, which helps evaluate riding behavior and infrastructure performance for supporting micro-mobility systems
Origins of Modern Data Analysis Linked to the Beginnings and Early Development of Computer Science and Information Engineering
The history of data analysis that is addressed here is underpinned by two
themes, -- those of tabular data analysis, and the analysis of collected
heterogeneous data. "Exploratory data analysis" is taken as the heuristic
approach that begins with data and information and seeks underlying explanation
for what is observed or measured. I also cover some of the evolving context of
research and applications, including scholarly publishing, technology transfer
and the economic relationship of the university to society.Comment: 26 page
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