10,626 research outputs found
Lucas' theorem: its generalizations, extensions and applications (1878--2014)
In 1878 \'E. Lucas proved a remarkable result which provides a simple way to
compute the binomial coefficient modulo a prime in terms of
the binomial coefficients of the base- digits of and : {\it If is
a prime, and are the
-adic expansions of nonnegative integers and , then
\begin{equation*} {n\choose m}\equiv \prod_{i=0}^{s}{n_i\choose m_i}\pmod{p}.
\end{equation*}}
The above congruence, the so-called {\it Lucas' theorem} (or {\it Theorem of
Lucas}), plays an important role in Number Theory and Combinatorics. In this
article, consisting of six sections, we provide a historical survey of Lucas
type congruences, generalizations of Lucas' theorem modulo prime powers, Lucas
like theorems for some generalized binomial coefficients, and some their
applications.
In Section 1 we present the fundamental congruences modulo a prime including
the famous Lucas' theorem. In Section 2 we mention several known proofs and
some consequences of Lucas' theorem. In Section 3 we present a number of
extensions and variations of Lucas' theorem modulo prime powers. In Section 4
we consider the notions of the Lucas property and the double Lucas property,
where we also present numerous integer sequences satisfying one of these
properties or a certain Lucas type congruence. In Section 5 we collect several
known Lucas type congruences for some generalized binomial coefficients. In
particular, this concerns the Fibonomial coefficients, the Lucas -nomial
coefficients, the Gaussian -nomial coefficients and their generalizations.
Finally, some applications of Lucas' theorem in Number Theory and Combinatorics
are given in Section 6.Comment: 51 pages; survey article on Lucas type congruences closely related to
Lucas' theore
The congruence of Wolstenholme and generalized binomial coefficients related to Lucas sequences
Using generalized binomial coefficients with respect to fundamental Lucas
sequences we establish congruences that generalize the classical congruence of
Wolstenholme and other related stronger congruences.Comment: 23 page
Perfect powers in products of terms of elliptic divisibility sequences
Diophantine problems involving recurrence sequences have a long history and
is an actively studied topic within number theory. In this paper, we connect to
the field by considering the equation \begin{align*} B_mB_{m+d}\dots
B_{m+(k-1)d}=y^\ell \end{align*} in positive integers with
and , where is a fixed integer and
is an elliptic divisibility sequence, an important class
of non-linear recurrences. We prove that the above equation admits only
finitely many solutions. In fact, we present an algorithm to find all possible
solutions, provided that the set of -th powers in is given. (Note
that this set is known to be finite.) We illustrate our method by an example.Comment: To appear in Bulletin of Australian Math Societ
Wolstenholme's theorem: Its Generalizations and Extensions in the last hundred and fifty years (1862--2012)
In 1862 Wolstenholme proved that for any prime the numerator of the
fraction written in reduced form is divisible by , and the numerator of
the fraction
written in reduced form is divisible by . The first of the above
congruences, the so called {\it Wolstenholme's theorem}, is a fundamental
congruence in combinatorial number theory. In this article, consisting of 11
sections, we provide a historical survey of Wolstenholme's type congruences and
related problems. Namely, we present and compare several generalizations and
extensions of Wolstenholme's theorem obtained in the last hundred and fifty
years. In particular, we present more than 70 variations and generalizations of
this theorem including congruences for Wolstenholme primes. These congruences
are discussed here by 33 remarks.
The Bibliography of this article contains 106 references consisting of 13
textbooks and monographs, 89 papers, 3 problems and Sloane's On-Line Enc. of
Integer Sequences. In this article, some results of these references are cited
as generalizations of certain Wolstenholme's type congruences, but without the
expositions of related congruences. The total number of citations given here is
189.Comment: 31 pages. We provide a historical survey of Wolstenholme's type
congruences (1862-2012) including more than 70 related results and 106
references. This is in fact version 2 of the paper extended with congruences
(12) and (13
On Convolved Generalized Fibonacci and Lucas Polynomials
We define the convolved h(x)-Fibonacci polynomials as an extension of the
classical convolved Fibonacci numbers. Then we give some combinatorial formulas
involving the h(x)-Fibonacci and h(x)-Lucas polynomials. Moreover we obtain the
convolved h(x)-Fibonacci polynomials form a family of Hessenberg matrices
- …