Sharing economy vs sharing cultures? Designing for social, economic and environmental good

This paper explores the story behind a crowdfunding service as an example of sharing technology. Research in a small neighborhood of London showed how locally-developed initiatives can differ in tone, scale, ambition and practice to those getting attention in the so-called sharing economy. In local accounts, we see an emphasis on organizing together to create shared spaces for collaborative use of resources and joint ownership of projects and places. Whereas, many global business models feature significant elements of renting, leasing and hiring and focus only on resource management, sometimes at the expense of community growth. The service we discuss is based in the area we studied and has a collective model of sharing, but hopes to be part of the new global movement. We use this hybridity to problematize issues of culture, place and scalability in developing sharing resources and addressing sustainability concerns. We relate this to the motivation, rhetoric and design choices of other local sharing enterprises and other global sharing economy initiatives, arguing, in conclusion, that there is no sharing economy, but a variety of new cultures being fostered

International financial crises, past and present

International finance ; Debts, External ; Foreign exchange ; International liquidity ; Financial crises

Metamorphosing Indian Blockchain ecosystem

A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation. Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology

CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR AGRICULTURAL POLICY

Agricultural and Food Policy,

디지털 통상 협정과 국내 게임 산업

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제통상전공), 2023. 2. 안덕근.COVID-19 has sped up digitalization in business. The pandemic has also boosted digital native industries such as the gaming industry. Koreas video game industry has continued to grow in recent years, ranking 4th in terms of market share in 2020. At the same time, digital trade agreements have become a global frontier for trade. These include separate chapters on digital trade in regional trade agreements to digital-only trade agreements. Korea has recently concluded the Korea-Singapore Digital Partnership Agreement (KSDPA), its first ever digital-only trade agreement. The Agreement can be seen as a forerunner for Korea of digital trade agreements to come, and examining several provisions gleans important business implications for the countrys video game industry.코로나19는 사업의 디지털화를 가속화했다. 특히 게임 산업과 같은 디지털 산업이 크게 활성화 되었다. 한국 게임 산업은 2020년 세계 시장 점유율 4위를 기록하며 성장세를 이어가고 있다. 동시에 통상 부문에서는 디지털 무역 협정이 새로운 화두로 떠오르고 있다. 여기에는 디지털 경제 협정, 그리고 지역 무역 협정의 디지털 무역에 대한 별도의 장이 포함된다. 한국은 최근 최초의 디지털 무역 협정인 한국-싱가포르 디지털 동반자 협정에 서명했다. 이 협정은 향후 디지털 무역 협정의 대표적인 것으로, 몇몇 조항은 한국 비디오 게임 산업이 무시할 수 없는 시사점을 가지고 있다.I. Introduction 1 II. South Koreas Video Game Industry 2 1. Growth 2 2. Market Characteristics 3 3. Leading Firms 4 III. Regulations in South Korea 5 1. PIPA 6 2. Game Industry Promotion Act 6 IV. Digital Trade Agreements 7 1. Multilateral 8 2. Regional 10 3. Digital Economy Agreements 12 4. Digital Trade Agreements and Koreas Video Game Industry 18 V. Prospective Legal Issues 19 1. Cross-Border Data Flow 19 2. Location of Computing Facilities 22 3. Protection of Personal Information 26 4. Online Consumer Protection 29 5. Cybersecurity 38 VI. Conclusion 40석

'Show me the money’ : a discussion of the cryptocurrency market and its potential regulation in South Africa.

Masters Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.The developments of the internet and electronic communication, have created a platform that enables the trade of goods and service through the internet. This connects consumers and businesses to facilitate safe and efficient transactions. Unremitting electronic advances have also brought to light the inadequacies of the current trading system, which struggles to keep abreast with these new developments. Cryptocurrency is one such new technology creating challenges for trade and legal systems regarding confidentiality, security, legal certainty and predictability. The virtual, decentralized nature of this technology and the absence of a specific legal monitoring entity makes the application of traditional legal frameworks untenable and the enforcement of any new legal framework tenuous. For these reasons, the current regulatory status of decentralized cryptocurrencies, or digital currencies, is perplexing. The cryptocurrency platform offers a solution to developing trade issues as cryptocurrencies transcend borders and are international by design. The anonymity of cryptocurrency systems have the ability to surpass current restrictions and allow for virtually instantaneous cross border transactions thereby making it more attractive than traditional monetary systems. This offers some advantages and disadvantages as this system is not without challenges such as its potential use for criminal activities. As such, there are countries that are well ahead in regulating cryptocurrencies and have legislative and institutional frameworks in place. However, a uniform approach to the regulation of these so-called virtual currencies (which differ from the traditional monetary systems) is needed as these differing approaches by governments in their attempts to nationalise regulation, is of great concern. In particular, South Africa has a well-developed money-lending environment, institutions and legislation and it has plans to develop its current institutional and legal framework to accommodate these advances. This thesis examines the legal nature of cryptocurrency in the international electronic commerce economy and treatment by national governments. This thesis will endeavour to discover whether international harmonisation of initiatives by the major international regulatory organisation can develop a universal guideline to harness the potential of this new technology

Disintegration and Trade

The gravity model of trade is utilized to assess the impact of disintegration on trade. The analysis is based on three recent disintegration episodes involving the former Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. The results point to a very strong home bias around the time of disintegration, with intra-union trade exceeding normal trade approximately 43 times in the former Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, and 24 times in the former Yugoslavia. Disintegration was followed by a sharp fall in trade intensity. Nevertheless, there is a considerable hysteresis in economic relations, with trade flows among the former constituent Republics still between two and 30 times greater than normal trade in 1998.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39737/3/wp353.pd

Cooperation and Intertrade between Community Currencies

Cooperation, interchange or intertrade of complementary currencies is not yet very common, perhaps of because the funding impulse of most complementary currencies does not cover the question of interchange and cooperation yet, or because theoretical aspects are not often studied. The article describes money or currency as an instrument of cooperation, based on a sociological and institutional economics background. It then postulates currency as an operating system and focuses on the technical terms of trade if one would try to establish cooperation between such systems. Basic principles of interchange and intertrade, which are necessary for success, are presented, such as the ideas of trade balance, compensation funds, exchange rates and clearing, set-points and limits, references, anchoring money and tolls and taxes. Further some aspects of governance and negotiation are discussed and a nested framework of rules is adapted to currencies. As an Appendix a case study of the Zurich region is presented where a process of negotiation and building of an interchange network between several CC-groups is on-going

The Costs and Benefits of Euro-sation in Central-Eastern Europe Before or Instead of EMU Membership

Countries unable or unwilling to join a Monetary Union can partly replicate membership effects through either a Currency Board or formal replacement of the domestic currency by the currency of the Union. Schemes of this kind have been introduced recently in Transition Economies. The net balance of costs and benefits involved, for the country and the common currency area, are shown to be an empirical question, depending on a number of conditions and primarily on the degree of monetary, real, and institutional convergence already achieved beforehand. Positive net advantages may derive from dollar/Euro-isation but should not be taken for granted.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39724/3/wp340.pd