Fortifications of the Rapallo border and their role as co-creators of space

In the period between the two world wars, the latent tensions between the European nations resulted in the construction of defensive positions on the borderlines of major European countries. Under the same conditions, the Italian Kingdom built an extensive fortification line, i.e. the Alpine Wall. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (SHS) replied to it with the Rupnik Line. On the base of the Treaty of Rapallo, a 289-km long demarcation line was built with an exceptional defence infrastructure, which interfered with vast natural areas of exceptional quality that are protected by various nature conservation regimes today. The research presented in this paper is focused on a specific land expropriation. The goal is to understand the historical perspectives and assess the current significance of this fortification system with its impact on the natural environment. The system of spatial assessment of the architectural, urban, regional and spatial planning aspects and landscape interpretation has been developed with the use of spatial planning mapping and other methods. It was tested on the case study of the Žiri Municipality to establish a possible systemic base on which the entirety of the Rapallo border with its defence infrastructures could be mapped and their contemporary role assessed

Agriculture and nobility in Lombardy. Land, management and innovation (1815-1861)

This article aims to reassess the contribution of the nobility in the nineteenth-century economic transformation of Lombardy in northern Italy, focusing on its role in agricultural development. Relying on ongoing archival research into thousands of documents such as correspondence, notarial deeds, probate records, accounting books, the article attempts to demonstrate that noblemen acted in an entrepreneurial manner, supported the progress of techniques and innovation, and played a leading role in the modernisation of the sector. The article reconsiders the contribution of noble families both to the enhancement and management of their lands and to the elaboration and application of agricultural innovation

Chapter Exceptionality and Common Features of Migration Law in the Age Of Mass Migration

This volume explores the legal history of migration and the role played by legal theories, case law, practices, customary laws, and legislations in shaping and governing mobility between the 19th century and the Second World War. Based on different methodological approaches and sources, including archival documents, special courts’ decisions, diplomatic materials, legal journals and books, and international treaties, the chapters focus on countries of departure and destination both in Western and Eastern regions. Confronted with mass migration, Western legal science has been forced to rethink concepts and institutions such as borders, citizenship and the principle of territoriality. Special courts and administrative bodies were created to govern and control this new complex social phenomenon. This work, related to the national research project Legal History and Mass Migration: Integration, Exclusion, and Criminalization of Migrants in the 19th and 20th Century (Prin 2017), contributes to the investigation of the historical tensions between individual freedom of mobility and state sovereignty over border control. It contributes to the current public debate on ius migrandi – freedom of movement, or the right to migrate – showing the complexity of its historical dimension. The book will be of interest to scholars in the fields of Legal History, Legal Theory, Sociology of Law, International Migration Law, Labor Law and Criminology, as well as those working on themes related to Forced Migration and Refugee Studies. Chapter 16 of this book is available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.taylorfrancis.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license

Studi storici dedicati a Orazio Cancila

Non accade sempre, e non è neppure necessario, che le raccolte di studi in onore di personalità del mondo degli studi trattino temi relativi o affini a quelli coltivati dalla personalità celebrata. Se, però, accade, si può certamente parlare di una felice circostanza o coincidenza, ma può accadere anche che tale circostanza o coincidenza sia significativa di qualcosa d’altro. E, ad esempio, può essere significativa del fatto che la personalità destinataria della raccolta si è posta o si è trovata al centro di sviluppi della storiografia contemporanea importanti anche perché rispondono a interessi diffusi negli studi e nella cultura del suo tempo. Della raccolta di studi per Orazio Cancila si può dire – credo – che ci si trova senz’altro in quest’ultimo caso, e, ciò, anche quando la formulazione letterale dei temi dei singoli contributi alla raccolta non sembra autorizzare una tale constatazione. ... È un bel panorama, ed è singolarmente conforme alla serie degli ampii e varii interessi storici di Cancila. (Dall'introduzione di Giuseppe Galasso

Vislumbres de Cabezón: algunas reflexiones y recepción novohispana de Obras de Música

Commentaries and miscellaneous refl ections are offered on themes related to the keyboard musician and composer Antonio de Cabezón including the state of the organ in Europe and the Hispanic world in his time, the participation of his son Hernando in the compilation and fi nal editing of Obras de música para tecla, arpa y vihuela, and the nature and authorship of certain of the introductory sections. Also treated are the reception of Obras in New Spain in the 16th century, within a context of commercial distribution and cultural circulation of theoretical-practical music texts that extended into the 17th century, especially of instrumental music.Comentarios y reflexiones misceláneas relativos al músico de tecla y compositor Antonio de Cabezón, al tipo de órganos europeos y españoles prevalecientes en su momento, tocando la participación de su hijo Hernando en la compilación y edición final del libro Obras de música para tecla, arpa y vihuela, con lecturas acerca de algunas partes preliminares a dicho impreso. Se aborda la recepción del libro en el ámbito americano de la Nueva España en el propio siglo XVI, dentro de un contexto de distribución comercial y circulación cultural de impresos de música teórico-prácticos que alcanza temporalmente la primera mitad del siglo XVII, particularmente de obras de tipo instrumental

The structure and development of commercial gardening businesses in Fulham and Hammersmith, Middlesex, c. 1680-1861..

This dissertation responds to Joan Thirsk’s call for historians to undertake a closer investigation of commercial gardening. It adopts a micro-historical approach, to address two questions, ‘What was a gardener?’, and ‘What was a garden business?’’ Based in the parish of Fulham (including the hamlet of Hammersmith), Middlesex, the parish with the largest acreage of commercial gardening in England in 1796, the study applies nominal linkage to a variety of sources to understand more fully the gardeners, garden businesses, and gardening families between 1680 and 1861. The dissertation exploits sources with occupational descriptors, including livery company apprentice registers, bankruptcies and insolvencies, clandestine marriage registers, Bank of England accounts, and fire insurance policies, not used previously for a statistical examination of gardening. Quantitative data are set in a rich context using qualitative sources such as newspapers, Old Bailey proceedings and property surveys. Tracing occupational terms through the sources shows that records created by parish and government bodies relied on a few customary terms, each encompassing several different functions in gardening, for much longer than commercial documents, demonstrating how reliance on one source can be misleading. In this study I argue that occupational descriptors in gardening reflected the focus, but failed to capture the entirety, of what was produced in a garden business. From the early eighteenth century garden businesses should not be viewed simply as a market garden or nursery; they cultivated a diversity of horticultural products, but are also found to have had a variety of other agricultural interests and economic pursuits, introducing new products and responding to new opportunities: gardeners did not only garden. Contrary to the claims of some historians this was not just an early phase in the transition from agriculture to specialist gardening but persisted into the nineteenth century. This study contributes not only to the history of commercial gardening but also to wider debates in agricultural and business history. From four land-use maps, dated between 1747 and 1843/5 the changing acreage and locations of gardens have been identified, and the first graphical representation of the land use in the parish from the tithe apportionment schedules is presented. The complex interaction between competing land uses is examined providing new findings about how the garden industry adapted in the face of pressures from urban development and other agricultural needs. Examination of the occupational structure of the industry has been approached through several sources. Very few gardeners were apprenticed, but some families continued to obtain training as gardeners and commercial advantages through one of five different livery companies, as well as the Gardeners’ Company. The parish registers give the first tentative estimate of the size of the industry, while registers of clandestine marriages suggest that gardeners were a significant proportion of the middling sort in Fulham in the early eighteenth century. Comparison of gardening occupations in the 1841, 1851 and 1861 census enumerators’ books provide insights into the structure of the industry but also reveal the inconsistent application of terminology, resulting in the reliability and validity of some of the data being questioned. The implication is that only the 1851 census gives an accurate occupational structure for gardening industry. The findings of previous studies that most gardeners rented their land have been confirmed. On the bishop of London’s estate the rents were low during the eighteenth century, but few gardeners were his head lessees and therefore able to benefit. Gardeners had a range of wealth, sufficient for some to have a comfortable living as part of the middling sort while a few had accrued greater wealth from gardening. Garden businesses rarely became bankrupt or insolvent and mainly when there were general economic downturns. Businesses were left predominantly to widows or sons, with the intention of keeping businesses operating and resulting in the establishment of garden business dynasties. The wealth of some businesses demonstrates the benefit of trans-generational transfer, others fared well enough for their business to continue on a smaller scale, but many names came and went from Fulham and Hammersmith commercial gardens in one generation