The WaveGyro

The WaveGyro – A new Concept for Ocean Wave Energy Capture (Master Thesis by Gebhard Waizmann, University of Southampton 22.09.2011) Abstract Climate change, environmental pollution and the proceeding resource depletion give awareness of the necessity towards more sustainable energy economics. Energy from ocean waves may once play a contributing role towards this step but is as yet in its fledgling stages. This is mainly due to the harsh sea environment, which implies the need for simple and robust wave energy converter. The work presented in this thesis picks up this thought when dealing with the so-called WaveGyro. Introductory chapters explain how this novel concept arose, followed by a detailed explanation of the working principle. The WavGyro utilizes gyroscopes to provide an internal reaction moment against the wave excitation. This internal reaction permits designing a completely enclosed and thus environmentally resistant device. The gyroscopic precession is used to convert the wave-induced moment into a moment that accelerates the flywheels. Equations of motion, which describe the gyroscope kinetics, are deduced. The gyroscopic motions and moment is then implemented into the first-order wave hydrodynamics. Two main approaches to describe the wave excitation are presented. The first approach is superposition of radiation and exci-tation and the second approach makes use of the relative motion principle, which relates the excitation to the extent of displacement. Both approaches are employed to deduce the maximum power capture condition in relation to the device’s dimensions and operational parameters. The influence of real sea state, analytically expressed by the Pierson-Moskowitz spec-trum, on the optimum power analysis is considered and implementation methods are de-veloped. Subsequently the spin-up mechanism is explained and examined; this is the mechanism converting the precession moment into torque accelerating the flywheel. It is shown that a simple configuration, composed of an ordinary cogwheel and a sprag-clutch only is not sufficient for this mechanism. Ideas for alternative mechanisms are considered but require further investigation to allow conclusive results. Finally, an approximate plan for the design of model is developed, which includes basic considerations of scaling laws. Recommendations for further theoretical and practical work on the WaveGyro are provided

Supporting 'design for reuse' with modular design

Engineering design reuse refers to the utilization of any knowledge gained from the design activity to support future design. As such, engineering design reuse approaches are concerned with the support, exploration, and enhancement of design knowledge prior, during, and after a design activity. Modular design is a product structuring principle whereby products are developed with distinct modules for rapid product development, efficient upgrades, and possible reuse (of the physical modules). The benefits of modular design center on a greater capacity for structuring component parts to better manage the relation between market requirements and the designed product. This study explores the capabilities of modular design principles to provide improved support for the engineering design reuse concept. The correlations between modular design and 'reuse' are highlighted, with the aim of identifying its potential to aid the little-supported process of design for reuse. In fulfilment of this objective the authors not only identify the requirements of design for reuse, but also propose how modular design principles can be extended to support design for reuse

Addressing Risk Challenges in a Changing Financial Environment:the Need for Greater Accountability in Financial Regulation and Risk Management

The need for continuous monitoring and regulation is particularly attributed to, and justified by, the inevitable presence of risks and uncertainty – both in terms of certain externalities and indeterminacies which are capable of being reasonably quantified and those which are not. Amongst other goals, this paper aims to address complexities and challenges faced by regulators in identifying and assessing risk, problems arising from different perceptions of risk, and solutions aimed at countering problems of risk regulation. It will approach these issues through an assessment of explanations put forward to justify the growing importance of risks, well known risk theories such as cultural theory, risk society theory and governmentality theory. “Socio cultural” explanations which relate to how risk is increasingly becoming embedded in organisations and institutions will also be considered as part of those factors attributable to why the financial environment has become transformed to the state in which it currently exists. A consideration of regulatory developments which have contributed to a change in the way financial regulation is carried out, as well as developments which have contributed to the de formalisation of rules and a corresponding “loss of certainty”, will also constitute focal points of the paper. To what extent are risks capable of being quantified? Who is able to assist with such quantification – and why has it become necessary to introduce other regulatory actors and greater measures aimed at fostering corporate governance and accountability into the regulatory process? These questions constitute some of the issues which this paper aims to address

Financial Regulation and Risk Management:Addressing Risk Challenges in a Changing Financial Environment

Amongst other goals, this paper aims to address complexities and challenges faced by regulators in identifying and assessing risk, problems arising from different perceptions of risk, and solutions aimed at countering problems of risk regulation. It will approach these issues through an assessment of explanations put forward to justify the growing importance of risks, well known risk theories such as cultural theory, risk society theory and governmentality theory. In addressing the problems posed as a result of the difficulty in quantifying risks, it will consider means whereby risks can be quantified reasonably without the consequential effects which result from the dual nature of risk, that is, risks emanating from the management of institutional risks. “Socio cultural” explanations which relate to how risk is increasingly becoming embedded in organisations and institutions will also be considered as part of those factors attributable to why the financial environment has become transformed to the state in which it currently exists. A consideration of regulatory developments which have contributed to a change in the way financial regulation is carried out, an illustration of how the financial industry and the approach to financial regulation have been transformed by the rapid growth of the hedge funds industry, will also constitute focal points of the paper

Ethics and morality in Dworkin's political philosophy

Dworkin`s political theory is characterized by the interpretative integrity of morality, law, and politics, the so-called “hedgehog’s approach”. The interpretative integrity approach functions on multiple levels. Firstly, philosophical foundations of his theory of justice are linked to his conception of just liberal society and state. Secondly, from the perspective of political morality, interpretative concepts of law and morality are internally connected, in addition to interpretative concepts of equality, liberty, and democracy. Thirdly, from the perspective of philosophical foundations, individual ethics, personal morality and political morality are mutually connected. The aforementioned ethical and moral foundations are also related – in a wider sense of philosophical foundations - with his gnoseological conception regarding value concepts in law, politics and morality, and with his episthemological conception regarding an objective truth in the field of values, in a sense that the value concepts are interpretative and can be objectively true when articulated in accordance with methodological rules and standards of a »reflexive equilibrium« and an interpretative integrity, and in accordance with the so-called internal scepticism in the context of value pluralism. The term “ethics” in a “narrower” sense refers to individual ethics, the study of how to live well, while the “ethics” in a “broader” sense refers to personal morality, the study of how we must treat other people. The term “morality” however, is used primarily to denote a political morality, the issue of how a sovereign power should treat its citizens. Philosophical foundations of Dworkin`s political theory of justice, his conception of two cardinal values of humanity, his concievement of individual ethics, personal morality and political morality will be in the focus of consideration

Embracing complexity: theory, cases and the future of bioethics

This paper reflects on the relationship between theory and practice in bioethics, by using various concepts drawn from debates on innovation in healthcare research—in particular debates around how best to connect up blue skies ‘basic’ research with practical innovations that can improve human lives. It argues that it is a mistake to assume that the most difficult and important questions in bioethics are the most abstract ones, and also a mistake to assume that getting clear about abstract cases will automatically be of much help in getting clear about more complex cases. It replaces this implicitly linear model with a more complex one that draws on the idea of translational research in healthcare. On the translational model, there is a continuum of cases from the most simple and abstract (thought experiments) to the most concrete and complex (real world cases). Insights need to travel in both directions along this continuum—from the more abstract to the more concrete and from the more concrete to the more abstract. The paper maps out some difficulties in moving from simpler to more complex cases, and in doing so makes recommendations about the future of bioethics

A short account of a connection of Power Laws to the Information Entropy

We use the formalism of 'Maximum Principle of Shannon's Entropy' to derive the general power law distribution function, using what seems to be a reasonable physical assumption, namely, the demand of a constant mean "internal order" (Boltzmann Entropy) of a complex, self interacting, self organized system. Since the Shannon entropy is equivalent to the Boltzmann's entropy under equilibrium, non interacting conditions, we interpret this result as the complex system making use of its intra-interactions and its non equilibrium in order to keep the equilibrium Boltzmann's entropy constant on the average, thus enabling it an advantage at surviving over less ordered systems, i.e. hinting towards an "Evolution of Structure". We then demonstrate the formalism using a toy model to explain the power laws observed in Cities' populations and show how Zipf's law comes out as a natural special point of the model. We also suggest further directions of theory.Comment: 7 pages, no figures, accepted for publication in "Physica A