4 research outputs found
Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ p+βpβn+ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
The conditions for realizing the single-quantum detection mode for silicon photomultiplier tubes with the p+βpβn+ structure are studied and data on their characteristics in this mode are obtained. The structure of the experimental setup and the research technique are presented. Measurements of the counting characteristics of the photodetectors, such as the dependences of the counting rate of single-photon pulses, the speed of dark pulses, and the signal-to-noise ratio, have beenΒ performed. The dependences of the counting rate of one-photon pulses on the intensity of optical radiation recorded by a silicon photomultiplier tube are presented. It was found that these dependences had a linear section, the length of which increased with increasing overvoltage of silicon photomultiplier tubes. Also, with an increase in overvoltage, the angle of inclination of the linear section increased. The dependences of the count rate of one-photon and dark pulses, as well as the signal-to-noise ratio on overvoltage, are given. It was found that the counting rate of dark pulses increased with increasing overvoltage. It was found that the dependence of the signal-to-noise ratio on the overvoltage for these silicon photomultiplier tubes has a maximum. To obtain the maximum sensitivity of the studied silicon photomultiplier tubes, it is necessary to select the overvoltage corresponding to this maximum. As a result of comparing the sensitivity of the investigated silicon photomultiplier tubes and avalanche photodiodes, it was found that silicon photomultiplier tubes operating in the single-quantum detection mode have a higher sensitivity compared to avalanche photodiodes in the same operating mode. With a decrease in temperature, this superiority persisted. Also, a decrease in temperature led to a decrease in the minimum value of the intensity of the recorded optical radiation. Thus, the possibility of operation of silicon photomultiplier tubes in the single-quantum registration mode has been proved. These results can be applied in quantum cryptography systems when receiving an optical signal.ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ p+βpβn+ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»/ΡΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»/ΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»/ΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΡ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. Π‘ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°
Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Wide Bandgap Devices
The power electronics research community is balancing on the edge of a game-changing technological innovation: as traditionally silicon (Si) based power semiconductors approach their material limitations, next-generation wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductors are poised to overtake them. Promising WBG materials are silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), diamond (C), gallium oxide (Ga2O3) and aluminum nitride (AlN). They can operate at higher voltages, temperatures, and switching frequencies with greater efficiencies compared to existing Si, in power electronics. These characteristics can reduce energy consumption, which is critical for national economic, health, and security interests. However, increased voltage blocking capability and trend toward more compact packaging technology for high-power density WBG devices can enhance the local electric field that may become large enough to raise partial discharges (PDs) within the module. High activity of PDs damages the insulating silicone gel, lead to electrical insulation failure and reduce the reliability of the module. Among WBG devices, electrical insulation weaknesses in WBG-based Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) have been more investigated. The chapter deals with (a) current standards for evaluation of the insulation systems of power electronics modules, (b) simulation and modeling of the electric field stress inside modules, (c) diagnostic tests on modules, and (d) PD control methods in modules
Towards Optical Partial Discharge Detection with Micro Silicon Photomultipliers
Optical detection is reliable in intrinsically characterizing partial discharges (PDs). Because of the great volume and high-level power supply of the optical devices that can satisfy the requirements in photosensitivity, optical PD detection can merely be used in laboratory studies. To promote the practical application of the optical approach in an actual power apparatus, a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based PD sensor is introduced in this paper, and its basic properties, which include the sensitivity, pulse resolution, correlation with PD severity, and electromagnetic (EM) interference immunity, are experimentally evaluated. The stochastic phase-resolved PD pattern (PRPD) for three typical insulation defects are obtained by SiPM PD detector and are compared with those obtained using a high-frequency current transformer (HFCT) and a vacuum photomultiplier tube (PMT). Because of its good performances in the above aspects and its additional advantages, such as the small size, low power supply, and low cost, SiPM offers great potential in practical optical PD monitoring