Exploring Causal Learning through Graph Neural Networks: An In-depth Review

In machine learning, exploring data correlations to predict outcomes is a fundamental task. Recognizing causal relationships embedded within data is pivotal for a comprehensive understanding of system dynamics, the significance of which is paramount in data-driven decision-making processes. Beyond traditional methods, there has been a surge in the use of graph neural networks (GNNs) for causal learning, given their capabilities as universal data approximators. Thus, a thorough review of the advancements in causal learning using GNNs is both relevant and timely. To structure this review, we introduce a novel taxonomy that encompasses various state-of-the-art GNN methods employed in studying causality. GNNs are further categorized based on their applications in the causality domain. We further provide an exhaustive compilation of datasets integral to causal learning with GNNs to serve as a resource for practical study. This review also touches upon the application of causal learning across diverse sectors. We conclude the review with insights into potential challenges and promising avenues for future exploration in this rapidly evolving field of machine learning

Neural Crystals

We face up to the challenge of explainability in Multimodal Artificial Intelligence (MMAI). At the nexus of neuroscience-inspired and quantum computing, interpretable and transparent spin-geometrical neural architectures for early fusion of large-scale, heterogeneous, graph-structured data are envisioned, harnessing recent evidence for relativistic quantum neural coding of (co-)behavioral states in the self-organizing brain, under competitive, multidimensional dynamics. The designs draw on a self-dual classical description - via special Clifford-Lipschitz operations - of spinorial quantum states within registers of at most 16 qubits for efficient encoding of exponentially large neural structures. Formally 'trained', Lorentz neural architectures with precisely one lateral layer of exclusively inhibitory interneurons accounting for anti-modalities, as well as their co-architectures with intra-layer connections are highlighted. The approach accommodates the fusion of up to 16 time-invariant interconnected (anti-)modalities and the crystallization of latent multidimensional patterns. Comprehensive insights are expected to be gained through applications to Multimodal Big Data, under diverse real-world scenarios.Comment: preprint revised; to appear In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Big Data 2023/ 3rd Workshop on Multimodal AI (MMAI 2023

A Survey on Explainable AI for 6G O-RAN: Architecture, Use Cases, Challenges and Research Directions

The recent O-RAN specifications promote the evolution of RAN architecture by function disaggregation, adoption of open interfaces, and instantiation of a hierarchical closed-loop control architecture managed by RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) entities. This paves the road to novel data-driven network management approaches based on programmable logic. Aided by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), novel solutions targeting traditionally unsolved RAN management issues can be devised. Nevertheless, the adoption of such smart and autonomous systems is limited by the current inability of human operators to understand the decision process of such AI/ML solutions, affecting their trust in such novel tools. eXplainable AI (XAI) aims at solving this issue, enabling human users to better understand and effectively manage the emerging generation of artificially intelligent schemes, reducing the human-to-machine barrier. In this survey, we provide a summary of the XAI methods and metrics before studying their deployment over the O-RAN Alliance RAN architecture along with its main building blocks. We then present various use-cases and discuss the automation of XAI pipelines for O-RAN as well as the underlying security aspects. We also review some projects/standards that tackle this area. Finally, we identify different challenges and research directions that may arise from the heavy adoption of AI/ML decision entities in this context, focusing on how XAI can help to interpret, understand, and improve trust in O-RAN operational networks.Comment: 33 pages, 13 figure

Analysis of modern methods of intelligent data processing in network systems

With the growth of internet of things and cloud computing, the volume of data generated by network systems is massive and growing exponentially. Effective analysis of this data is crucial for various applications including anomaly detection, traffic engineering and predictive maintenance. This paper analyses modern methods used for intelligent processing of networked system data. State-of-the-art techniques such as deep learning, ensemble modeling, feature engineering and distributed computing are surveyed. Both supervised and unsupervised techniques are evaluated on real network datasets. The objective is to identify approaches that can process data from network systems in a scalable, online and intelligent manner