Assessing the Welfare Impact of the 2001 Tax Reform on Dual-earner Families

The welfare impact of the 2001 income tax reform is assessed across dual-earner families with different characteristics. A household labor supply model is estimated to account for variable behavioral responses by family type. It was found that while higher education families received a larger share of the welfare gain generated from lower marginal tax rates, it was the lower education families that provided the bulk of the additional labor supply motivated by the tax reform. Differing welfare gains across families with different numbers of children were also found, highlighting the importance of allowing responses to vary across family characteristics when assessing the welfare impact of a policy change. Working Paper 07-3

On the Complexity of Quantum ACC

For any $q > 1$, let \MOD_q be a quantum gate that determines if the number of 1's in the input is divisible by $q$. We show that for any $q,t > 1$, \MOD_q is equivalent to \MOD_t (up to constant depth). Based on the case $q=2$, Moore \cite{moore99} has shown that quantum analogs of AC$^{(0)}$, ACC$[q]$, and ACC, denoted QAC$^{(0)}_{wf}$, QACC$[2]$, QACC respectively, define the same class of operators, leaving $q > 2$ as an open question. Our result resolves this question, proving that QAC$^{(0)}_{wf} =$ QACC$[q] =$ QACC for all $q$. We also develop techniques for proving upper bounds for QACC in terms of related language classes. We define classes of languages EQACC, NQACC and BQACC_{\rats}. We define a notion $\log$-planar QACC operators and show the appropriately restricted versions of EQACC and NQACC are contained in P/poly. We also define a notion of $\log$-gate restricted QACC operators and show the appropriately restricted versions of EQACC and NQACC are contained in TC$^{(0)}$. To do this last proof, we show that TC$^{(0)}$ can perform iterated addition and multiplication in certain field extensions. We also introduce the notion of a polynomial-size tensor graph and show that families of such graphs can encode the amplitudes resulting from apply an arbitrary QACC operator to an initial state.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures This version will appear in the July 2000 Computational Complexity conference. Section 4 has been significantly revised and many typos correcte

Extending the Normativity of the Extended Family: Reflections on \u3ci\u3eMoore v. City of East Cleveland\u3c/i\u3e

Part I of this Article briefly recounts the plurality decision in Moore before analyzing Justice Brennan’s concurring opinion and detailing how the concurrence affirms, rather than deconstructs, the notion of African American deviance in families. Next, Part II specifies the ways in which Justice Brennan could have truly uplifted African American families and other families of color by identifying and explicating the strengths of extended or multigenerational family forms among people of color and by showing how such family forms can be a model, or even the model (if one must be chosen), for all families. Then, Part III concludes by enumerating how Justice Brennan missed a key opportunity to explore and expose the intricacies and complications of both race and racial discrimination when he chose not to address the intraracial dynamics involved in the case. After all, the City of East Cleveland that targeted and prosecuted Inez Moore, the African American plaintiff in the case, was a majority-African-American city with an African American City Manager and African American City Commission. Such an exploration of the case’s intraracial undercurrents not only could have disrupted societal understandings of the nuclear family as the normative ideal but also would have laid bare the pressures that African Americans have faced, both in history and at that time, to conform to the nuclear family structure. Further, it would have revealed the internalization of myths about African American familial deviance by the black middle class in East Cleveland and would have shown the damaging consequences of such pressures and internalization

Models of Type Theory Based on Moore Paths

This paper introduces a new family of models of intensional Martin-L\"of type theory. We use constructive ordered algebra in toposes. Identity types in the models are given by a notion of Moore path. By considering a particular gros topos, we show that there is such a model that is non-truncated, i.e. contains non-trivial structure at all dimensions. In other words, in this model a type in a nested sequence of identity types can contain more than one element, no matter how great the degree of nesting. Although inspired by existing non-truncated models of type theory based on simplicial and cubical sets, the notion of model presented here is notable for avoiding any form of Kan filling condition in the semantics of types.Comment: This is a revised and expanded version of a paper with the same name that appeared in the proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2017

Children in Poverty: Trends, Consequences, and Policy Options

Outlines trends and factors in the U.S. child poverty rate and reviews research linking poverty and lower levels of child well-being, including educational and cognitive, social and emotional, economic, and health outcomes. Makes policy recommendations