337 research outputs found
On -step competition graphs of multipartite tournaments II
A multipartite tournament is an orientation of a complete -partite graph
for some positive integer . We say that a multipartite tournament
is tight if every partite set forms a clique in the -step competition
graph, denoted by , of . In the previous paper titled "On
-step competition graphs of multipartite tournaments"
\cite{choi202412step} we completely characterize for a tight
multipartite tournament . As an extension, in this paper, we study
-step competition graphs of multipartite tournaments that are not tight,
which will be called loose. For a loose multipartite tournament , various
meaningful results are obtained in terms of being interval and
being connected
μνκ³μμμ κ²½μ κ΄μ μΌλ‘ κ·Έλνμ μ ν₯κ·Έλνμ ꡬ쑰 μ°κ΅¬
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : μ¬λ²λν μνκ΅μ‘κ³Ό, 2023. 2. κΉμλ Ή.In this thesis, we study m-step competition graphs, (1, 2)-step competition graphs, phylogeny graphs, and competition-common enemy graphs (CCE graphs), which are primary variants of competition graphs. Cohen [11] introduced the notion of competition graph while studying predator-prey concepts in ecological food webs.An ecosystem is a biological community of interacting species and their physical environment. For each species in an ecosystem, there can be m conditions of the good environment by regarding lower and upper bounds on numerous dimensions such as soil, climate, temperature, etc, which may be represented by an m-dimensional rectangle, so-called an ecological niche. An elemental ecological truth is that two species compete if and only if their ecological niches overlap. Biologists often describe competitive relations among species cohabiting in a community by a food web that is a digraph whose vertices are the species and an arc goes from a predator to a prey. In this context, Cohen [11] defined the competition graph of a digraph as follows. The competition graph C(D) of a digraph D is defined to be a simple graph whose vertex set is the same as V (D) and which has an edge joining two distinct vertices u and v if and only if there are arcs (u, w) and (v, w) for some vertex w in D. Since Cohen introduced this definition, its variants such as m-step competition graphs, (i, j)-step competition graphs, phylogeny graphs, CCE graphs, p-competition graphs, and niche graphs have been introduced and studied.
As part of these studies, we show that the connected triangle-free m-step competition graph on n vertices is a tree and completely characterize the digraphs of order n whose m-step competition graphs are star graphs for positive integers 2 β€ m < n.
We completely identify (1,2)-step competition graphs C_{1,2}(D) of orientations D of a complete k-partite graph for some k β₯ 3 when each partite set of D forms a clique in C_{1,2}(D). In addition, we show that the diameter of each component of C_{1,2}(D) is at most three and provide a sharp upper bound on the domination number of C_{1,2}(D) and give a sufficient condition for C_{1,2}(D) being an interval graph.
On the other hand, we study on phylogeny graphs and CCE graphs of degreebounded acyclic digraphs. An acyclic digraph in which every vertex has indegree at most i and outdegree at most j is called an (i, j) digraph for some positive integers i and j. If each vertex of a (not necessarily acyclic) digraph D has indegree at most i and outdegree at most j, then D is called an hi, ji digraph. We give a sufficient condition on the size of hole of an underlying graph of an (i, 2) digraph D for the phylogeny graph of D being a chordal graph where D is an (i, 2) digraph. Moreover, we go further to completely characterize phylogeny graphs of (i, j) digraphs by listing the forbidden induced subgraphs.
We completely identify the graphs with the least components among the CCE graphs of (2, 2) digraphs containing at most one cycle and exactly two isolated vertices, and their digraphs. Finally, we gives a sufficient condition for CCE graphs
being interval graphs.μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμμ κ²½μκ·Έλνμ μ£Όμ λ³μ΄λ€ μ€ m-step κ²½μκ·Έλν, (1, 2)-step κ²½μ κ·Έλν, κ³ν΅ κ·Έλν, κ²½μ곡μ κ·Έλνμ λν μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ’
ν©νλ€. Cohen [11]μ λ¨Ήμ΄μ¬μ¬μμ ν¬μμ-νΌμμ κ°λ
μ μ°κ΅¬νλ©΄μ κ²½μκ·Έλν κ°λ
μ κ³ μνλ€. μνκ³λ μνΈμμ©νλ μ’
λ€κ³Ό κ·Έλ€μ 물리μ νκ²½μ μλ¬Όνμ 체κ³μ΄λ€. μνκ³μ κ° μ’
μ λν΄μ, ν μ, κΈ°ν, μ¨λ λ±κ³Ό κ°μ λ€μν μ°¨μμ νκ³ λ° μκ³λ₯Ό κ³ λ €νμ¬ μ’μ νκ²½μ mκ°μ 쑰건λ€λ‘ λνλΌ μ μλλ° μ΄λ₯Ό μνμ μ§μ(ecological niche)λΌκ³ νλ€. μννμ κΈ°λ³Έκ°μ μ λ μ’
μ΄ μνμ μ§μκ° κ²ΉμΉλ©΄ κ²½μνκ³ (compete), κ²½μνλ λ μ’
μ μνμ μ§μκ° κ²ΉμΉλ€λ κ²μ΄λ€. νν μλ¬Όνμλ€μ ν 체μ μμ μμνλ μ’
λ€μ κ²½μμ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό κ° μ’
μ κΌμ§μ μΌλ‘, ν¬μμμμ νΌμμμκ²λ μ ν₯λ³(arc)μ κ·Έμ΄μ λ¨Ήμ΄μ¬μ¬λ‘ νννλ€. μ΄λ¬ν λ§₯λ½μμ Cohen [11]μ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ΄ μ ν₯κ·Έλνμ κ²½μ κ·Έλνλ₯Ό μ μνλ€. μ ν₯κ·Έλν(digraph) Dμ κ²½μκ·Έλν(competition graph) C(D) λ V (D)λ₯Ό κΌμ§μ μ§ν©μΌλ‘ νκ³ λ κΌμ§μ u, vλ₯Ό μ λμ μΌλ‘ κ°λ λ³μ΄ μ‘΄μ¬νλ€λ κ²κ³Ό κΌμ§μ wκ° μ‘΄μ¬νμ¬ (u, w),(v, w)κ° λͺ¨λ Dμμ μ ν₯λ³μ΄ λλ κ²μ΄ λμΉμΈ κ·Έλνλ₯Ό μλ―Ένλ€. Cohenμ΄ κ²½μκ·Έλνμ μ μλ₯Ό λμ
ν μ΄νλ‘ κ·Έ λ³μ΄λ€λ‘ m-step κ²½μκ·Έλν(m-step competition graph), (i, j)-step κ²½μκ·Έλν((i, j)-step competition graph), κ³ν΅κ·Έλν(phylogeny graph), κ²½μ곡μ κ·Έλν(competition-common enemy graph), p-κ²½μκ·Έλν(p-competition graph), κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ§μκ·Έλν(niche graph)κ° λμ
λμκ³ μ°κ΅¬λκ³ μλ€.
μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ€μ μΌλΆλ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€. μΌκ°νμ΄ μμ΄ μ°κ²°λ m-step κ²½μ κ·Έλνλ νΈλ¦¬(tree)μμ 보μμΌλ©° 2 β€ m < nμ λ§μ‘±νλ μ μ m, nμ λνμ¬ κΌμ§μ μ κ°μκ° nκ°μ΄κ³ m-step κ²½μκ·Έλνκ° λ³κ·Έλν(star graph)κ° λλ μ ν₯κ·Έλνλ₯Ό μλ²½νκ² νΉμ§ν νμλ€.
k β₯ 3μ΄κ³ λ°©ν₯μ§μ΄μ§ μμ k-λΆν κ·Έλν(oriented complete k-partite graph)μ (1, 2)-step κ²½μκ·Έλν C_{1,2}(D)μμ κ° λΆν μ΄ μμ λΆλΆ κ·Έλνλ₯Ό μ΄λ£° λ, C_{1,2}(D)μ λͺ¨λ νΉμ§ν νμλ€. λν, C_{1,2}(D)μ κ° μ±λΆ(component)μ μ§λ¦(diameter)μ κΈΈμ΄κ° μ΅λ 3μ΄λ©° C_{1,2}(D)μ μ§λ°°μ(domination number)μ λν μκ³μ μ΅λκ°μ ꡬνκ³ κ΅¬κ°κ·Έλν(interval graph)κ° λκΈ° μν μΆ©λΆ μ‘°κ±΄μ ꡬνμλ€.
μ°¨μκ° μ νλ μ ν₯νλ‘λ₯Ό κ°μ§ μλ μ ν₯κ·Έλν(degree-bounded acyclic digraph)μ κ³ν΅κ·Έλνμ κ²½μ곡μ κ·Έλνμ λν΄μλ μ°κ΅¬νμλ€. μμ μ μλ€ i, jμ λνμ¬ (i, j) μ ν₯κ·Έλνλ κ° κΌμ§μ μ λ΄μ°¨μλ μ΅λ i, μΈμ°¨μλ μ΅λ jμΈ μ ν₯νλ‘ κ°μ§ μλ μ ν₯κ·Έλνμ΄λ€. λ§μ½ μ ν₯κ·Έλν Dμ κ° κΌμ§μ μ΄ λ΄μ°¨μκ° μ΅λ i, μΈμ°¨μκ° μ΅λ j μΈ κ²½μ°μ Dλ₯Ό hi, ji μ ν₯κ·ΈλνλΌ νλ€.
Dκ° (i, 2) μ ν₯κ·ΈλνμΌ λ, Dμ κ³ν΅κ·Έλνκ° νκ·Έλν(chordal graph)κ° λκΈ° μν Dμ λ°©ν₯μ κ³ λ €νμ§ μκ³ μ»μ΄μ§λ κ·Έλν(underlying graph)μμ κΈΈμ΄κ° 4μ΄μμΈ νλ‘(hole)μ κΈΈμ΄μ λν μΆ©λΆμ‘°κ±΄μ ꡬνμλ€. κ²λ€κ° (i, j) μ ν₯κ·Έλνμ κ³ν΅κ·Έλνμμ λμ¬ μ μλ μμ± λΆλΆ κ·Έλν(forbidden induced subgraph)λ₯Ό νΉμ§ν νμλ€.
(2, 2) μ ν₯κ·Έλν Dμ κ²½μ곡μ κ·Έλν CCE(D)κ° 2κ°μ κ³ λ¦½μ (isolated vertex)κ³Ό μ΅λ 1κ°μ νλ‘λ₯Ό κ°μΌλ©΄μ κ°μ₯ μ μ μ±λΆμ κ°λ κ²½μ°μΌ λμ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ·λͺ
νλ€. λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘, CCE(D)κ° κ΅¬κ°κ·Έλνκ° λκΈ° μν μ±λΆμ κ°μμ λν μΆ©λΆμ‘°κ±΄μ ꡬνμλ€.1 Introduction 1
1.1 Graph theory terminology and basic concepts 1
1.2 Competition graphs and its variants 6
1.2.1 A brief background of competition graphs 6
1.2.2 Variants of competition graphs 8
1.2.3 m-step competition graphs 10
1.2.4 (1, 2)-step competition graphs 13
1.2.5 Phylogeny graphs 14
1.2.6 CCE graphs 16
1.3 A preview of the thesis 17
2 Digraphs whose m-step competition graphs are trees 19
2.1 The triangle-free m-step competition graphs 23
2.2 Digraphs whose m-step competition graphs are trees 29
2.3 The digraphs whose m-step competition graphs are star graphs 38
3 On (1, 2)-step competition graphs of multipartite tournaments 47
3.1 Preliminaries 48
3.2 C1,2(D) with a non-clique partite set of D 51
3.3 C1,2(D) without a non-clique partite set of D 66
3.4 C1,2(D) as a complete graph 74
3.5 Diameters and domination numbers of C1,2(D) 79
3.6 Disconnected (1, 2)-step competition graphs 82
3.7 Interval (1, 2)-step competition graphs 84
4 The forbidden induced subgraphs of (i, j) phylogeny graphs 90
4.1 A necessary condition for an (i, 2) phylogeny graph being chordal 91
4.2 Forbidden subgraphs for phylogeny graphs of degree bounded digraphs 99
5 On CCE graphs of (2, 2) digraphs 122
5.1 CCE graphs of h2, 2i digraphs 128
5.2 CCE graphs of (2, 2) digraphs 134
Abstract (in Korean) 168
Acknowledgement (in Korean) 170λ°
A Complete Characterisation of Vertex-multiplications of Trees with Diameter 5
For a connected graph , let be the family of strong orientations of ; and for any , we denote by the diameter of . The of is defined as . In 2000, Koh and Tay introduced a new family of graphs, vertex-multiplications, and extended the results on the orientation number of complete -partite graphs. Suppose has the vertex set . For any sequence of positive integers , a \textit{vertex-multiplication}, denoted by , is the graph with vertex set and edge set , where \u27s are pairwise disjoint sets with , for ; and for any , if and only if and for some with such that . They proved a fundamental classification of vertex-multiplications, with for all , into three classes and , and any vertex-multiplication of a tree with diameter at least 3 does not belong to the class . Furthermore, some necessary and sufficient conditions for were established for vertex-multiplications of trees with diameter . In this paper, we give a complete characterisation of vertex-multiplications of trees with diameter in and
Subquadratic-time algorithm for the diameter and all eccentricities on median graphs
On sparse graphs, Roditty and Williams [2013] proved that no
-time algorithm achieves an approximation factor smaller
than for the diameter problem unless SETH fails. In this article,
we solve an open question formulated in the literature: can we use the
structural properties of median graphs to break this global quadratic barrier?
We propose the first combinatiorial algorithm computing exactly all
eccentricities of a median graph in truly subquadratic time. Median graphs
constitute the family of graphs which is the most studied in metric graph
theory because their structure represents many other discrete and geometric
concepts, such as CAT(0) cube complexes. Our result generalizes a recent one,
stating that there is a linear-time algorithm for all eccentricities in median
graphs with bounded dimension , i.e. the dimension of the largest induced
hypercube. This prerequisite on is not necessarily anymore to determine all
eccentricities in subquadratic time. The execution time of our algorithm is
.
We provide also some satellite outcomes related to this general result. In
particular, restricted to simplex graphs, this algorithm enumerates all
eccentricities with a quasilinear running time. Moreover, an algorithm is
proposed to compute exactly all reach centralities in time
.Comment: 43 pages, extended abstract in STACS 202
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