Environmental Security: The Challenge of Future

Traditionally, the concept of national security was always associated with the protection of the territorial integrity of the country's borders against any external aggression. Post the Cold War, Human Development Report (HDR) 1994, introduced a new concept of human security, which was a historic departure from the traditional concept of national security. In this concept, much greater stress has been laid on the security of the people through sustainable human development programmes. National security, therefore, has two broad dimensions: traditional and non-traditional. All threats and challenges that impact “human security” are a part of the nontraditional dimension of national security. Similarly, the Commission on Human Security (CHS), constituted in 2000, defines human security as protection of the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment. It means protecting people from critical and pervasive threats and situations. Based on the threats that influence “human security,” HDR 1994 categorised seven main threats to human security: economic security; food security; health security; environmental security; personal security; community security; and political security

The Challenge of Women Representation in Regional Election in Indonesia

The fact sheet explains about women's representation in the regional election in Indonesia. What are the involvements of these women in the regional election and how they involved? Regional election has significant role in forming executive organization in the local government level, as regional election determines who will be chairing on the top level of the regional government. Problem which emerged afterwards is how to implement regional election and, at the same time, representing women. This particular question is very much related to the role of regional election as a tool of democracy, as democracy, substantially, cannot neglect women representation within. Thus, it is important not to consider regional election as political contest intended for men only

The challenge of developing creativity

The ability of thinking Creativity, change, find and create something. Term kThe world of science and the general public reativitas are common terms. In fact, creativity and human life are two different things, but the parcel has an impact and is closely correlated. Life and civilization will stagnate without vacuum and creativity. Creativity always shows up The Rhythm Space and time with proper thinking and human need

The Phenomenon of Mobility, a Development Challenge for the City Of Algiers

Urban displacements are a major challenge for the economic and social development of the city and are a sign of the quality of life. They are defined by less congestion, less pollution, congestion and urban sprawl. In Algeria, the new urban policies are seen as the beginning of a positive transformation of the city's situation, which degradation seems to have originated in a lack of coordination between planning, the deregulation of the transport sector and the urban planning of cities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a transportation policy based on a logic of sustainable development of the urban area where the optimization of mobility is required. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the importance of developing the most adequate operating policies for the various modes of transport that are the most appropriate in the capital city of Algiers and to implement an investment program in the management of mobility in order to transform the city

[Review of] R. Baxter Miller, ed., Black American Literature and Humanism

The seven carefully documented essays in literary criticism in this excellent short volume are possibly more lively and provocative than those ordinarily found in scholarly publications. The title,however, might well have been: eight black writers and the human condition. Definitions of humanism are varied though not contradictory, but the book is held together by reassessments of black literature which challenge many of the assumptions of previous critics