LS-AODV: A ROUTING PROTOCOL BASED ON LIGHTWEIGHT CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES FOR A FANET OF NANO DRONES

With the battlespace rapidly shifting to the cyber domain, it is vital to have secure, robust routing protocols for unmanned systems. Furthermore, the development of nano drones is gaining traction, providing new covert capabilities for operators at sea or on land. Deploying a flying ad hoc network (FANET) of nano drones on the battlefield comes with specific performance and security issues. This thesis provides a novel approach to address the performance and security concerns faced by FANET routing protocols, and, in our case, is specifically tailored to improve the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. The proposed routing protocol, Lightweight Secure Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LS-AODV), uses a lightweight stream cipher, Trivium, to encrypt routing control packets, providing confidentiality. The scheme also uses Chaskey-12-based message authentication codes (MACs) to guarantee the authenticity and integrity of control packets. We use a network simulator, NS-3, to compare LS-AODV against two benchmark routing protocols, AODV and the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, in order to gauge network performance and security benefits. The simulation results indicate that when the FANET is not under attack from black-hole nodes, LS-AODV generally outperforms OLSR but performs slightly worse than AODV. On the other hand, LS-AODV emerges as the protocol of choice when a FANET is subject to a black-hole attack.ONROutstanding ThesisLieutenant, United States NavyApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

Preemptive Routing & Intrusion Detection for MANETs

An ad-hoc network will often change rapidly in topology, this courses for routes in the network to often disappear and new to arise. The Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol(AODV), is based on the principle of discover routes as needed. In this paper we will extend the definition of AODV with the ability to discover multiple routes to a host and switch between them, if an active route is becoming weak and there is a risk that it will disappear. We will refer to it as pre-emptive AOMDV . We will show that the performance of pre-emptive AOMDV do handle changes in topology better than AODV it self. To show the effect of extending AODV, the suggested protocol is implemented in a simulator. Performance enhancements will be presented from different scenarios, to compare pre-emptive AOMDV with the ordinary AODV. In this paper we also focus on intrusion detection based on Finite State Machine and cache memory in ad hoc networks. Security is one of the most important issues in current networks. The most common cases of attacks in mobile Ad hoc networks can be drop of routing packets and changes in the incoming packets which aims at disrupting the network routing and overall network reduce performance. The presented approach based on FSM focuses at recognizing the malicious nodes within the network in a fast and accurate way, then it deals with rapid introduction of the malicious nodes to other nodes in the network to prevent sending multiple packets and drop and packet change. Finally, we will show the significant improvement in comparison with others, we simulated our methods by NS2 software

QoS analysis of the MANET routing protocols with respect to delay, throughput, & network load: Challenges and open issues

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are types of wireless networks that communicate with mobile devices without centralized infrastructures. MANET networks are established through interconnected devices that communicate wirelessly within a relatively small, shared area. In MANET every single mobile node is presumed to travel in all directions at different speeds with challenges and open issues. Hence there is no guaranteed long-term path from one node to the next. This work proposes testing the three most common ad hoc routing protocols Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) using Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) Modeler simulations using the performance metrics of Throughput, Delay, and Network loading to find an effective routing protocol for routing. The traffic network is used by the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Digital Education, Battlefield, Surveillance and Security Agencies may benefit from the research work. MANETs reduced the costs of installation, maintenance and operation of such facilities as base stations and also reduced the risk to a minimum such as pollution. The outcome of the simulation shows that: according to the AODV and DSR, the lowest delay in 50 nodes was around 31.25 seconds respectively. And OLSR also had a high throughput performance of around 80 per cent compared with AODV and DSR. And it can be concluded that OLSR is the most suitable routing protocol for MANET, based on the routing protocols suggested

DPRAODV: A Dynamic Learning System Against Blackhole Attack In AODV Based MANET

Security is an essential requirement in mobile ad hoc networks to provide protected communication between mobile nodes. Due to unique characteristics of MANETS, it creates a number of consequential challenges to its security design. To overcome the challenges, there is a need to build a multifence security solution that achieves both broad protection and desirable network performance. MANETs are vulnerable to various attacks, blackhole, is one of the possible attacks. Black hole is a type of routing attack where a malicious node advertise itself as having the shortest path to all nodes in the environment by sending fake route reply. By doing this, the malicious node can deprive the traffic from the source node. It can be used as a denial-of-service attack where it can drop the packets later. In this paper, we proposed a DPRAODV (Detection, Prevention and Reactive AODV) to prevent security threats of blackhole by notifying other nodes in the network of the incident. The simulation results in ns2 (ver-2.33) demonstrate that our protocol not only prevents blackhole attack but consequently improves the overall performance of (normal) AODV in presence of black hole attack

AODVSEC: A Novel Approach to Secure Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing Protocol from Insider Attacks in MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that can communicate with each other using multihop wireless links without requiring any fixed based-station infrastructure and centralized management. Each node in the network acts as both a host and a router. In such scenario, designing of an efficient, reliable and secure routing protocol has been a major challenging issue over the last many years. Numerous schemes have been proposed for secure routing protocols and most of the research work has so far focused on providing security for routing using cryptography. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to secure Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol from the insider attacks launched through active forging of its Route Reply (RREP) control message. AODV routing protocol does not have any security provision that makes it less reliable in publicly open ad hoc network. To deal with the concerned security attacks, we have proposed AODV Security Extension (AODVSEC) which enhances the scope of AODV for the security provision. We have compared AODVSEC with AODV and Secure AODV (SAODV) in normal situation as well as in presence of the three concerned attacks viz. Resource Consumption (RC) attack, Route Disturb (RD) attack, Route Invasion (RI) attack and Blackhole (BH) attack. To evaluate the performances, we have considered Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF), Average End-to-End Delay (AED), Average Throughput (AT), Normalized Routing Load (NRL) and Average Jitter and Accumulated Average Processing Time.Comment: 20 Pages, 24 Figure

A secure and lightweight ad-hoc routing algorithm for personal networks

Over the past few years, there has been increasing interest in utilizing Personal Area Networks (PANs) to offer users innovative and personalized services. This interest is a consequence of the widespread use of mobile devices such as laptops, mobile phones, PDAs, digital cameras, wireless headsets, etc. to carry out a variety of user-centric tasks. The PAN itself is built upon an ad-hoc network where devices trust their neighbors to route their packets. The cooperative nature of ad-hoc networks allows malicious nodes to easily cripple the network by inserting false route information, replaying old messages, modifying messages of other nodes, etc. An applicable area still under research, and the focus of this paper, is secure routing protocols for ad-hoc networks. To achieve availability in the PAN, the routing protocol used must be robust against both dynamically changing topology and malicious attacks. However, the heterogeneous nature of Personal Network (PN) devices means that traditional security mechanisms are too resource intensive to be sufficient by themselves. This paper describes a new ad-hoc secure routing protocol for Personal Networks (PNs), suitable in a limited multi-hop scenario. This protocol is based on ADOV and relies on efficient cryptographic primitives to safeguard the security and privacy of PN users. Following that, a number of attacks in the area of ad-hoc networks are discussed, and it is shown that the new algorithm protects against multiple un-coordinated active attackers, in spite of compromised nodes in the network

Secure Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have emerged as a promising concept to meet the challenges in next-generation networks such as providing flexible, adaptive, and reconfigurable architecture while offering cost-effective solutions to the service providers. Unlike traditional Wi-Fi networks, with each access point (AP) connected to the wired network, in WMNs only a subset of the APs are required to be connected to the wired network. The APs that are connected to the wired network are called the Internet gateways (IGWs), while the APs that do not have wired connections are called the mesh routers (MRs). The MRs are connected to the IGWs using multi-hop communication. The IGWs provide access to conventional clients and interconnect ad hoc, sensor, cellular, and other networks to the Internet. However, most of the existing routing protocols for WMNs are extensions of protocols originally designed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and thus they perform sub-optimally. Moreover, most routing protocols for WMNs are designed without security issues in mind, where the nodes are all assumed to be honest. In practical deployment scenarios, this assumption does not hold. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of security issues in WMNs and then particularly focuses on secure routing in these networks. First, it identifies security vulnerabilities in the medium access control (MAC) and the network layers. Various possibilities of compromising data confidentiality, data integrity, replay attacks and offline cryptanalysis are also discussed. Then various types of attacks in the MAC and the network layers are discussed. After enumerating the various types of attacks on the MAC and the network layer, the chapter briefly discusses on some of the preventive mechanisms for these attacks.Comment: 44 pages, 17 figures, 5 table