Engineering enterprise through intellectual property education - pedagogic approaches

Engineering faculties, despite shrinking resources, are delivering to new enterprise agendas that must take account of the fuzzying of disciplinary boundaries. Learning and teaching, curriculum design and research strategies reflect these changes. Driven by changing expectations of how future graduates will contribute to the economy, academics in engineering and other innovative disciplines are finding it necessary to re-think undergraduate curricula to enhance students’ entrepreneurial skills, which includes their awareness and competence in respect of intellectual property rights [IPRs]. There is no well established pedagogy for educating engineers, scientists and innovators about intellectual property. This paper reviews some different approaches to facilitating non-law students’ learning about IP. Motivated by well designed ‘intended learning outcomes’ and assessment tasks, students can be encouraged to manage their learning... The skills involved in learning about intellectual property rights in this way can be applied to learning other key, but not core, subjects. At the same time, students develop the ability to acquire knowledge, rather than rely on receiving it, which is an essential competence for a ‘knowledge’ based worker

Human Rights, Environmental Justice, Social Justice, Faith Values and Ethics: Building Stronger Partnerships for the Common Good by Understanding the Differences

Partnerships between human rights practitioners, local communities, scientists, engineers, and health professionals have shown potential to address deeply rooted, systemic human rights concerns. These collaborations are essential for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and for engaging the perspectives and expertise of all constituents. However, even when the individuals in these partnerships or the organizations they represent have common goals, their motivations, analyses, and solutions often come from different perspectives. Members of good will can inadvertently alienate one another when attempting to work together. The fields of human rights, social justice, environmental justice, and ethics have each developed their own language, frameworks, and movements independent of each other. There are many synergies, but also important differences such as in the approaches, level at which they are applied (from the individual or local to global) and the resources available. Successful partnership building will also be enhanced by respecting the influences of culture (including faith communities) and other social movements. In order to work together more effectively and to have the impacts we want to see on both human rights and sustainability, we must understand the similarities and distinctions between the movements and their applications to achieve global goals. In this panel we will explore the histories of these movements as they apply to the complementarity and potential for collaboration at the intersection of human rights and environmental sustainability. Four panelists will share perspectives, success stories, challenges and hopes from each of their vantages. a) Human Rights & Science/Engineering (Theresa Harris - AAAS) b) Environmental Justice/SDGs, Ecologists and Faith Communities (Leanne Jablonski - Ecological Society of America & UD HSI) c) Union of Concerned Scientists - Community Partnerships/practitioners with Scientists on climate justice/sustainability issues (Melissa Varga, Union of Concerned Scientists) d) Engineering and Technology: Challenges from International Practice (Malcolm Daniels, ETHOS Center, University of Dayton

Catching up in pharmaceuticals: a comparative study of India and Brazil

Since the mid-twentieth century, the national objective of India and Brazil has been to develop industrial capabilities in essential sectors such as pharmaceuticals. At the outset, they shared some common features: a considerable period of lax intellectual property rights regimes, large internal market and a reasonably strong cadre of scientists and engineers. However, over fifty years, India has had much more success in building indigenous capabilities in pharmaceuticals than Brazil, at least to date. Why? In exploring the answer to this question, we show that in both countries the design of State policy played a crucial role and the endogenous responses in the national system of innovation consisted of two parts. On the one hand, most of the time, the predicted and desired outcome was partially realized and on the other hand, there were invariably, other unpredicted responses that emerged. The latter unexpected elements, which were specific to the two countries, pushed them along distinctive trajectories.Pharmaceutical industry, India, Brazil, industrial capabilities, Catch-up

Catching up in pharmaceuticals: a comparative study of India and Brazil

Since the mid-twentieth century, the national objective of India and Brazil has been to develop industrial capabilities in essential sectors such as pharmaceuticals. At the outset, they shared some common features: a considerable period of lax intellectual property rights regimes, large internal market and a reasonably strong cadre of scientists and engineers. However, over fifty years, India has had much more success in building indigenous capabilities in pharmaceuticals than Brazil, at least to date. Why? In exploring the answer to this question, we show that in both countries the design of State policy played a crucial role and the endogenous responses in the national system of innovation consisted of two parts. On the one hand, most of the time, the predicted and desired outcome was partially realized and on the other hand, there were invariably, other unpredicted responses that emerged. The latter unexpected elements, which were specific to the two countries, pushed them along distinctive trajectories.Pharmaceutical industry, India, Brazil, industrial capabilities, Catching up, Technology transfer

Proposed Changes to Japanese and United States Patent Law Enforcement Systems

Recent changes made to Japanese and American patent procedural laws have not addressed the contentious issue of patent enforcement. Purely technical decisions concerning patent rights and their enforcement need to be consistent between jurisdictions of each country. Courts of both countries are second guessing purely technical decisions of their patent offices and interfering with the smooth and predictable development of new technology and its associated rights. This particularly hurts noncitizen patentees who are unfamiliar with the particular legal customs of the other country. It is proposed that technical patent scope determination during Japanese patent infringement litigation be delegated to the Japanese Patent Office and that technical patent validity determinations during U.S. patent infringement litigation be delegated to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The scientists and engineers who are dedicated to this common task at the U.S. and Japanese patent offices are best qualified to make these decisions which often affect patent rights of non-citizen patentees

Source Code for the Nihongo Tutor

This document contains a listing of the Pascal source code for the Nihongo Tutor program. This code is designed to be executed on Macintosh computers under the Kanjitalk operating system. It was written by Kei Wai Leung under the supervision of Anthony A. Maciejewski as part of the Nihongo Tutorial System, a set of programs designed to assist scientists and engineers acquire a reading knowledge of technical Japanese. As this is an ongoing project, portions of this code are under revision. This project is funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. INT-8818039. The government has certain rights in this material

Human Rights and the Challenges of Science and Technology

The expansion of the corpus of international human rights to include the right to water and sanitation has implications both for the process of recognizing human rights and for future developments in the relationships between technology, engineering and human rights. Concerns with threats to human rights resulting from developments in science and technology were expressed in the early days of the United Nations (UN), along with the recognition of the ambitious human right of everyone "to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications." This comment explores the hypothesis that the emerging concepts most likely to follow recognition of the human right to water primarily involve issues of science and technology, such as access to medicines or clean and healthy environment. Many threats to human rights from advances in science, which were identified in the past as potential, have become real today, such as invasion of privacy from electronic recording, deprivation of health and livelihood as a result of climate change, or control over individual autonomy through advances in genetics and neuroscience. This comment concludes by urging greater engagement of scientists and engineers, in partnership with human rights specialists, in translating normative pronouncements into defining policy and planning interventions

Finding a consensus between philosophy of applied and social sciences: A case of biology of human rights

This paper is an attempt to provide an adequate theoretical framework to understand the biological basis of human rights. We argue that the skepticism about human rights is increasing especially among the most rational, innovative and productive community of intellectuals belonging to the applied sciences. By using examples of embryonic stem cell research, a clash between applied scientists and legal scientists cum human rights activists has been highlighted. After an extensive literature review, this paper concludes that the advances in applied sciences proven by empirical evidence should not be restricted by normative theories and philosophies of the social sciences. If we agree on these premises that Human Rights are biological, then biology can provide a framework of cooperation for social and applied scientists

Professional Ethics and Social Responsibility: Military Work and Peacebuilding

The paper considers a number of important questions related to the involvement of engineers in peacebuilding and military work, including the preference of many countries for high tech weapons based security over peacebuilding, whether and in what circumstances, if any, it is justified for engineers to be involved in military work; and how engineers can persuade their colleagues to apply their skills to support peacebuilding. It is introduced by an overview of what is meant by the term military work and the extent and consequences of the use of military technology worldwide. This is followed by the applications of different approaches and theories of ethics to discuss the questions presented in the introduction. The approaches and theories applied include considerations of micro-and macro-ethics, codes of ethics, virtue ethics, considerations of gender and paradigms and the ethical imperative. Initial insights include the importance of considering the associated context and the need to avoid othering, which can make different treatment of minority groups, including the use of high tech weapons against them, seem acceptable

Drawing Upon Our Roots and Charism to Address Climate Change and Build Bridges of Dialogue in Addressing Human Rights and Achieving an Integral Ecology

Although sustainability and human rights are interconnected expressions of Catholic social teaching, the fields and praxis have developed independently. Human rights and other justice issues are rooted in the humanities and social sciences. The idea of sustainability has roots in the humanities and social sciences, but also in natural science and engineering. While sustainability research by scientists and engineers receives support, it is lacking for consideration of human rights and justice concerns, largely because these are viewed as advocacy. More recently, the intersection of these areas, particularly in the examination of the impacts of global climate change, has provided an opportunity for unification, especially when human stories lend empathy to observations, provide motivation to action, and allow technical expertise to help alleviate injustice. Faith-based organizations are positioned to be bridge-builders by inviting the expertise of environmental scientists in educational programs. Pope Francis’ Laudato Si\u27 received warm reception by numerous scientific organizations, and its call for all fields to work towards an integral ecology through dialogue is an impetus for interconnection. The longstanding tradition of Catholic institutions in addressing social concerns and the integration inherent in Catholic intellectual tradition invite opportunities for the integration of divergent fields of knowledge in the practices of sustainability and human rights. As a Catholic and Marianist institution, the University of Dayton draws on its founding charism by seeing all as members of one global family and by extending the concept of community from people to ecosystems. We offer opportunities to engage in dialogues among expert panelists, a diverse campus, and the local community to explore justice issues like hunger, environmental racism, and peace. Applying the spiritualities, vision, and behavior of the founders of our religious institutions to today’s needs can help us to educate, act, and advocate for an integral ecological future together