Verbal analogy problem sets: An inventory of testing materials.

Analogical reasoning is an active topic of investigation across education, artificial intelligence (AI), cognitive psychology, and related fields. In all fields of inquiry, explicit analogy problems provide useful tools for investigating the mechanisms underlying analogical reasoning. Such sets have been developed by researchers working in the fields of educational testing, AI, and cognitive psychology. However, these analogy tests have not been systematically made accessible across all the relevant fields. The present paper aims to remedy this situation by presenting a working inventory of verbal analogy problem sets, intended to capture and organize sets from diverse sources

PROFIL KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN ANALOGI MATEMATIS SISWA SMA PADA MATERI BANGUN RUANG SISI LENGKUNG

Mathematical analogy reasoning ability can help students solve two math problems that have the same concept but with different problem forms. Therefore, this article aims to reveal and describe the mathematical analogy reasoning abilities of high school students in solving curved side geometrical problems. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive method. The subjects used were 3 students out of 30 students in class X-3 SMA Negeri 2 Karawang which were obtained from the results of categorizing mathematical analogy reasoning abilities. The data collection technique used was a written test. This ability is measured based on the stages of analogical reasoning, namely encoding, inferring, mapping and applying. Then data analysis is carried out by reducing data, presenting data, and making conclusions. The results of this article show that of the three subjects who can fulfill the stages of encoding, inferring, mapping and applying, only KA students. NZ students are only able to achieve two stages of analogical reasoning, namely encoding and mapping. Meanwhile, VA students have not been able to fulfill all the stages of mathematical analogy reasoning given. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve students' mathematical analogy reasoning abilities

Finding and using analogies to guide mathematical proof

This thesis is concerned with reasoning by analogy within the context of auto-mated problem solving. In particular, we consider the provision of an analogical reasoning component to a resolution theorem proving system. The framework for reasoning by analogy which we use (called Basic APS) contains three major components -the finding of analogies (analogy matching), the construction of analogical plans, and the application of the plans to guide the search of a theorem prover. We first discuss the relationship of analogy to other machine learning techniques. We then develop programs for each of the component processes of Basic APS.First we consider analogy matching. We reconstruct, analyse and crticise two previous analogy matchers. We introduce the notion of analogy heuristics in order to understand the matchers. We find that we can explain the short-comings of the matchers in terms of analogy heuristics. We then develop a new analogy matching algorithm, based on flexible application of analogy heuristics, and demonstrate its superiority to the previous matchers.We go on to consider analogical plan construction. We describe procedures for constructing a plan for the solution of a problem, given the solution of a different problem and an analogy match between the two problems. Again, we compare our procedures with corresponding ones from previous systems.We then describe procedures for the execution of analogical plans. We demon-strate the procedures on a number of example analogies. The analogies involved are straightforward for a human, but the problems themselves involve.huge search spaees, if tackled directly using resolution. By comparison with unguided search, we demonstrate the dramatic reductfon in search entaile_d by the use of an ana-logical plan.We then consider some directions for development of our analogy systems, which have not yet been implemented. Firstly, towards more flexible and power-ful execution of analogical plans. Secondly, towards an analogy system which can improve its own ability to find and apply analogies over the course of experience

A literature review of expert problem solving using analogy

We consider software project cost estimation from a problem solving perspective. Taking a cognitive psychological approach, we argue that the algorithmic basis for CBR tools is not representative of human problem solving and this mismatch could account for inconsistent results. We describe the fundamentals of problem solving, focusing on experts solving ill-defined problems. This is supplemented by a systematic literature review of empirical studies of expert problem solving of non-trivial problems. We identified twelve studies. These studies suggest that analogical reasoning plays an important role in problem solving, but that CBR tools do not model this in a biologically plausible way. For example, the ability to induce structure and therefore find deeper analogies is widely seen as the hallmark of an expert. However, CBR tools fail to provide support for this type of reasoning for prediction. We conclude this mismatch between experts’ cognitive processes and software tools contributes to the erratic performance of analogy-based prediction

PROFIL PENALARAN ANALOGI SISWA DALAM PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA DITINJAU DARI KEMAMPUAN MATEMATIKA

Analogy reasoning is the process of thinking logically and analytically in drawing conclusions based on the similarities between the two things being compared. The purpose of this study is to describe the analogy reasoning of students in solving mathematical problems in terms of high, medium, and low mathematical abilities. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out in class IX-H of SMP Negeri 5 Surabaya in the 2019/2020 school year by 33 students and each subject was selected for each category of mathematical ability. The results of the analysis of Problem Solving Tests and interviews show that students with high, medium, and low mathematical abilities mention information that is known and what is asked for logical reasons on the source and target problem, and explain the relations between the information. This indicates that each subject has an encoding process. Each subject also mentions and explains the concepts used to solve source problems, which means each subject has an inferring process. The difference is, subjects with high mathematical ability mention the same concepts between the source problem and the target problem and explain the concepts used to solve the target problem, then students can complete the target problem. This means that the subject is doing two other processes, namely mapping and applying. Subjects with medium mathematical abilities are mentioning the same concept between the source problem and the target problem but cannot explain the concept used in the target problem. However, the subject only did one of the two indicators in the mapping process, so the analogy reasoning process carried out by the subject was encoding and inferring. While students with low mathematical abilities are stopped in the encoding and inferring processes. Keywords: Analogy Reasoning, Mathematical Abiliti

Penalaran Analogi Peserta Didik SMP dalam Menyelesaikan Dua Masalah dengan Kesamaan Permukaan Rendah

Analogical reasoning is a process of identifying two problems that aim to produce knowledge by associating relevant concepts and facts and adapting them so that they can solve more complex problems. Low surface similarity does not play a significant role in solving analogical reasoning. This type of research was carried out descriptively with qualitative methods with the aim of describing students' reasoning in solving analogy problems with low surface similarity. The research was conducted at one of the junior high schools in Sidoarjo with three selected students. Research data were analyzed using indicators that had been made by researchers. The data from the research results gave rise to three students who have uniqueness in analogical reasoning. There are two peculiarities found, namely the peculiarities with general cases and the peculiarities with special cases. The low surface similarity in analogy problems has an impact on students in the form of different stages of analogical reasoning that are passed by the three students. Students with general characteristics have stages of linear analogy reasoning. Students with special case characteristics have dynamic analogical reasoning stages. Identifying is done by students by identifying characteristics and concluding the relationship between the two problems. Mapping is done by students by mapping information related to analogy problems. At the time of applying the answers to the source problem to the target problem, there were two students with special characteristics who returned to the previous stage because they found it difficult. Verifying has been done by each student, but students with special cases have beliefs that are contrary to the results of the answers. So, the use of source problems and target problems that have low surface similarities can be used with the condition that the structure of the answers between the two problems must be analogous to each other