Social Debt in Software Engineering: Insights from Industry

Social debt is analogous to technical debt in many ways: it represents the state of software development organisations as the result of “accumulated” decisions. In the case of social debt, decisions are about people and their interactions. Our objective was to study the causality around social debt in practice. In so doing, we conducted exploratory qualitative research in a large software company. We found many forces together causing social debt; we represented them in a framework, and captured anti-patterns that led to the debt in the first place. Finally, we elicited best practices that technicians adopted to pay back some of the accumulated debt. We learned that social debt is strongly correlated with technical debt and both forces should be reckoned with together during the software process

Technical Debt: An empirical investigation of its harmfulness and on management strategies in industry

Background: In order to survive in today\u27s fast-growing and ever fast-changing business environment, software companies need to continuously deliver customer value, both from a short- and long-term perspective. However, the consequences of potential long-term and far-reaching negative effects of shortcuts and quick fixes made during the software development lifecycle, described as Technical Debt (TD), can impede the software development process.Objective: The overarching goal of this Ph.D. thesis is twofold. The first goal is to empirically study and understand in what way and to what extent, TD influences today’s software development work, specifically with the intention to provide more quantitative insight into the field. Second, to understand which different initiatives can reduce the negative effects of TD and also which factors are important to consider when implementing such initiatives.Method: To achieve the objectives, a combination of both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are used, including interviews, surveys, a systematic literature review, a longitudinal study, analysis of documents, correlation analysis, and statistical tests. In seven of the eleven studies included in this Ph.D. thesis, a combination of multiple research methods are used to achieve high validity.Results: We present results showing that software suffering from TD will cause various negative effects on both the software and the developing process. These negative effects are illustrated from a technical, financial, and a developer’s working situational perspective. These studies also identify several initiatives that can be undertaken in order to reduce the negative effects of TD.Conclusion: The results show that software developers report that they waste 23% of their working time due to experiencing TD and that TD required them to perform additional time-consuming work activities. This study also shows that, compared to all types of TD, architectural TD has the greatest negative impact on daily software development work and that TD has negative effects on several different software quality attributes. Further, the results show that TD reduces developer morale. Moreover, the findings show that intentionally introducing TD in startup companies can allow the startups to cut development time, enabling faster feedback and increased revenue, preserve resources, and decrease risk and thereby contribute to beneficial\ua0effects. This study also identifies several initiatives that can be undertaken in order to reduce the negative effects of TD, such as the introduction of a tracking process where the TD items are introduced in an official backlog. The finding also indicates that there is an unfulfilled potential regarding how managers can influence the manner in which software practitioners address TD

La gestion de la connaissance des équipes de développement logiciel

RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Le développement logiciel est un travail d’équipe manipulant un produit essentiellement invisible. En conséquent, le développement logiciel nécessite des échanges de connaissances importants entre développeurs afin que l’équipe effectue une résolution de problème adéquate. Cette résolution de problème résulte en une prise de décision qui aura un impact direct sur la qualité du produit logiciel final. Objectif : Ce travail doctoral a pour objectif de mieux comprendre ces interactions entre développeurs et comment ces interactions peuvent être liées à des problèmes de qualité logicielle. Cette meilleure compréhension du phénomène permet d’améliorer les approches actuelles de développement logiciel afin d’assurer une meilleure qualité du produit final. Méthodologie : Premièrement, des revues de littérature ont été effectuées afin de mieux comprendre l’état actuel de la recherche en gestion de connaissance dans le génie logiciel. Deuxièmement, des analyses de code source et des discussions avec les développeurs ont été faites afin de mieux cerner les causes de problèmes classiques de qualité logicielle. Finalement, des observations faites dans l’industrie ont permis de comprendre la prise de décision collective, et comment cette prise de décision impacte la qualité logicielle. Résultats : Les observations effectuées ont démontré que la qualité logicielle n’est pas qu’un problème d’éducation ; l’essentiel des problèmes de qualité ont été introduits par les développeurs en toute connaissance de cause afin de répondre à d’autres impératifs plus urgents au moment de la prise de décision. Améliorer la qualité des logiciels demande de revoir la manière dont les projets de développement logiciel sont gérés afin d’assurer que les décisions prises sur le terrain n’auront pas de conséquences négatives trop coûteuses à long terme. Conclusions : Il est recommandé que les organisations se dote d’un nouveau palier décisionnel faisant la jointure entre besoins techniques (i.e. qualité logicielle) et administratifs (i.e. ressources disponibles). Ce nouveau palier décisionnel se situerait au niveau de la base de code (« codebase »), soit entre le palier organisationnel et le palier de gestion de projet. Une base de code étant modifiée de manière concurrente par plusieurs projets en parallèle, il devient nécessaire d’avoir un meilleur contrôle sur les modifications effectuées sur celle-ci. Ce nouveau palier serait le gardien des connaissances en lien avec la base de code, selon le principe « you build it, you run it » favorisé dans certaines organisations. Ce nouveau palier serait responsable d’assurer que la base de code reste d’une qualité suffisamment bonne pour supporter les activités de l’organisation dans l’avenir.----------ABSTRACT Context: Software development is a process requiring teamwork on an essentially invisible product. Therefore, software development requires important knowledge exchanges between developers in order to ensure a proper problem resolution. This problem resolution affects the decision making process, which will have a direct impact on the software quality of the final product. Objective: This thesis work aims to better understand these interactions between developers and how they can be linked to software quality problems. With a better understanding of the relation, it will be possible to improve the current software development management practices in order to ensure a better quality of the final software product. Method: First, literature reviews were made with the objective to understand the current state of the research in knowledge management in software engineering. Second, source code analyzes and discussions with the developers were executed in order to better understand the causes of typical software quality issues. Finally, observations were made in an industrial context in order to observe collective decision making in the field, and to understand how these decisions impacts software quality. Results: The bservations made demonstrated that software quality is not only an educational problem; most of the quality problems found were introduced voluntarily by the developers in order to answer a more urgent requirement at the time. Improving software quality therefore requires a review of how software development projects are managed in order to ensure that the decision made in the field do not have overly costly consequences in the long term. Conclusions: It is recommended that organization assign a new decision level linking the technical requirements (i.e. software quality) with administrative requirements (i.e. available resources). This new decision level would be situated at the codebase level, between the organizational strategy level and the project management level. A codebase being modified concurrently by multiple projects, it is therefore necessary to have a better control of the modifications made on it. The people at this new decision level would be the knowledge repository related to the codebase, under the “you build it, you run it” principle popular in some organizations. This new decision level would be responsible of ensuring that the codebase remains of a sufficient quality in order to support the future activities of the organization