More than skin deep: About the influence of self-relevant avatars on inhibitory control

AbstractOne important aspect of cognitive control is the ability to stop a response in progress and motivational aspects, such as self-relevance, which may be able to influence this ability. We test the influence of self-relevance on stopping specifically if increased self-relevance enhances reactive response inhibition. We measured stopping capabilities using a gamified version of the stop-signal paradigm. Self-relevance was manipulated by allowing participants to customize their game avatar (Experiment 1) or by introducing a premade, self-referential avatar (Experiment 2). Both methods create a motivational pull that has been shown to increase motivation and identification. Each participant completed one block of trials with enhanced self-relevance and one block without enhanced self-relevance, with block order counterbalanced. In both experiments, the manipulation of self-relevance was effective in a majority of participants as indicated by self-report on the Player-Identification-Scale, and the effect was strongest in participants that completed the self-relevance block first. In those participants, the degree of subjectively experienced that self-relevance was associated with improvement in stopping performance over the course of the experiment. These results indicate that increasing the degree to which people identify with a cognitive task may induce them to exert greater, reactive inhibitory control. Consequently, self-relevant avatars may be used when an increase in commitment is desirable such as in therapeutic or training settings

Level Up: Supporting In-Game Skill Development

Video games are challenging and complex. They require players to master a diverse set of skills to succeed. Through play, players acquire and eventually master these skills, transitioning from novice to expert through skill development. Making progress and performing well in a game is directly tied to a player's ability to master in-game skills, so players are strongly motivated to get better at the games they play. Games can do a good job of supporting a new player's learning, but too often they leave a player to work out for themselves how to improve and get better at the game. The problem is that game designers do not always know how to support skill development in their games. To solve this problem, we need to better understand how skill learning occurs in games, as well as explore specific new approaches for supporting skill learning in games. Games are not the only context in which skill development and high performance is important --- the field of human performance already explores this in detail and provides many theories to apply to this new domain. Inspired by these theories I explore different ways of supporting players’ learning at two different stages of skill development. First, I explore how early learning can be supported through the use of guidance and explore how later learning can be supported by modifying practice. Testing out the effects of guidance by providing new players with different levels of navigation guidance and evaluating how well they were able to learn the environment, I found that guidance improved a player's immediate performance and allowed them to complete tasks within the game more effectively. I evaluated the idea of modifying practice by applying spaced practice (having players take breaks when playing) in two different games, as well as by adding checkpoints to a side-scrolling platform game. I found that having players take breaks improved players' immediate performance and allowed them to make more progress within the game and that a variety of break lengths were effective. I found that checkpoints allowed players to make progress in the game and learn the game just as effectively as when checkpoints were not present. Overall, this research adds to our understanding of how skill development occurs in games and provides some concrete examples of how support methods used in other contexts (such as in sports) can be applied to digital gaming