Cheryl's Birthday

We present four logic puzzles and after that their solutions. Joseph Yeo designed 'Cheryl's Birthday'. Mike Hartley came up with a novel solution for 'One Hundred Prisoners and a Light Bulb'. Jonathan Welton designed 'A Blind Guess' and 'Abby's Birthday'. Hans van Ditmarsch and Barteld Kooi authored the puzzlebook 'One Hundred Prisoners and a Light Bulb' that contains other knowledge puzzles, and that can also be found on the webpage http://personal.us.es/hvd/lightbulb.html dedicated to the book.Comment: In Proceedings TARK 2017, arXiv:1707.0825

Problem space of modern society: philosophical-communicative and pedagogical interpretations. Part I

This collective monograph offers the description of philosophical bases of definition of communicative competence and pedagogical conditions for the formation of communication skills. The authors of individual chapters have chosen such point of view for the topic which they considered as the most important and specific for their field of study using the methods of logical and semantic analysis of concepts, the method of reflection, textual reconstruction and comparative analysis. The theoretical and applied problems of modern society are investigated in the context of philosophical, communicative and pedagogical interpretations

WCSC 2015: the World Chess Software Championship

This is the official report of the ICGA's 2015 World Chess Software Championship held in Leiden, The Netherlands

단어임베딩을 이용한 일본어와 한국어에서의 영어 외래어 의미분석

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 인문대학 언어학과, 2021. 2. 신효필.전 세계적으로 활발한 문화 교류가 이루어짐에 따라 외래어가 일반적으로 자주 사용되는데, 외래어의 수용 과정에서 다양한 언어적 현상이 일어난다. 외래어가 수용됨에 따라 원래 차용주에 존재했던 단어가 사라지기도 하고, 차용어의 접미사와 단어가 차용주의 단어와 결합하여 새로운 단어를 생성하기도 하며, 차용어의 전치사가 외래어로서 그대로 사용되기도 한다. 또한, 외래어 자체는 차용주의 언어적 제약으로 인해 외래어의 정착 과정에서 형태, 음운 및 의미 변화를 겪는다. 이와 같이, 외래어의 수용 과정에서 차용주와 차용어의 다양한 변화가 일어나기 때문에 외래어는 역사언어학의 형태론, 음운론, 의미론과 같은 여러 분야에서 중요하게 연구되는 주제 중 하나이다. 외래어는 주로 차용주의 단어로는 표현할 수 없는 완전히 새로운 외국 제품명이나 개념을 나타내는 데 사용된다. 그런데 한편으로는 이미 고유어로 존재하는 단어를 좀 더 고급스럽고 학술적인 이미지로 바꾸기 위해 외래어를 사용하기도 하는데, 이러한 외래어의 사회언어학적 역할은 최근 특히 주목을 받고 있다. 대부분의 외래어 선행연구는 외래어의 많은 예를 수집하고 언어변화 패턴을 정리하는 방법으로 진행되었다. 최근 말뭉치 기반의 정량적 연구에서는 단어 길이와 같은 언어학적인 요인들이 외래어가 차용주에 성공적으로 정착하는 과정에 영향을 미치는지 통계적으로 연구하는 방법이 많이 사용되었다. 그러나 이러한 단어의 빈도기반 연구는 단어의 복잡한 의미 정보를 정량화하는 데에는 어려움이 있어 외래어 의미 현상에 대한 정량적 분석연구는 아직 진행되지 않았다. 본 연구는 외래어와 관련된 의미 현상을 정량적으로 분석하기 위한 단어임베딩(Word Embedding) 기반의 방법을 제안한다. 단어 임베딩 방법은 딥 러닝 방법과 언어 빅데이터를 사용하여 단어의 의미 문맥 정보를 벡터 값으로 효과적으로 변환할 수 있다. 이 방법을 활용하여 외래어와 관련된 의미 현상의 세 가지 주제, 어휘 경쟁, 의미적 적응, 사회적 의미 기능과 문화적 경향 변화에 초점을 맞추어 연구를 진행하였다. 첫 번째 연구는 외래어와 차용주의 동의어 간의 어휘경쟁에 중점을 둔다. 빈도기반의 방법으로는 어휘 경쟁의 유형(단어 대체 또는 의미 분화)을 구별할 수 없다. 어휘 경쟁의 유형을 판단하려면 외래어와 차용주 동의어 간의 문맥 공유 상태를 파악해야 한다. 문맥 공유 상태를 정량적으로 모델링하기 위해 본 연구는 기하학적 개념을 적용한다. 제안된 기하학적 단어 임베딩 기반 모델은 외래어와 수용언어의 동의어 사이에서 발생하는 어휘 경쟁을 정량적으로 판단함을 확인할 수 있었다. 두 번째 연구는 일본어와 한국어에서의 영어 외래어의 의미 적응에 중점을 둔다. 영어 외래어는 차용주에 정착하는 과정을 통해 의미 적응을 겪는다. 본 연구는 외래어와 영어 고유어와의 의미 차이를 비교하기 위해 변환 행렬 방법을 적용하여 영어 외래어의 일본어와 한국어에서의 의미 적응 차이를 분석하였다. 또한, 영어 단어의 다의성이 의미적응에 주는 영향을 통계적으로 분석하였다. 세 번째 연구는 일본과 한국의 최신 문화적 경향을 반영하는 외래어의 사회 의미적 역할에 초점을 맞춘다. 일본과 한국 사회의 미디어에서는 새로운 문화적인 경향이나 이슈가 생겼을 때 외래어를 자주 사용하므로, 외래어가 일본과 한국의 문화적 경향을 반영하는 역할을 가질 것이 예상된다. 본 연구는 이러한 외래어가 문화적 경향의 변화를 반영하는 지표로서의 역할을 한다는 가설을 제안한다. 이 가설을 검증하기 위해 사전 훈련된 문맥 임베딩 모델(BERT)을 사용하고 시간에 따른 외래어의 문맥 변화를 추적하는 방법을 제안한다. 실험 결과, 제안된 방법을 통해 외래어의 문맥 변화 추적을 통해 문화적 경향의 변화를 감지할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 기본적으로 일본어와 한국어 데이터를 사용하였다. 이것은 전산 다국어 대조 언어연구의 가능성을 보여준다. 이러한 단어 임베딩 기반의 의미 분석 방법은 다언어 계산의미론 및 계산사회언어학의 발전에 많은 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.Through cultural exchanges with foreign countries, a lot of foreign words have entered another country with a foreign culture. These foreign words, loanwords, have broadly prevailed in languages all over the world. Historical linguistics has actively studied the loanword because loanword can trigger the linguistic change within the recipient language. Loanwords affect existing words and grammar: native words become obsolete, foreign suffixes and words coin new words and phrases by combining with the native words in the recipient language, and foreign prepositions are used in the recipient language. Loanwords themselves also undergo language changes-morphological, phonological, and semantic changes-because of linguistic constraints of recipient languages through the process of integration and adaptation in the recipient language. Several fields of linguistics-morphology, phonology, and semantics-have studied these changes caused by the invasion of loanwords. Mainly loanwords introduce to the recipient language a completely new foreign product or concept that can not be expressed by the recipient language words. However, people often use loanwords for giving prestigious, luxurious, and academic images. These sociolinguistic roles of loanwords have recently received particular attention in sociolinguistics and pragmatics. Most previous works of loanwords have gathered many examples of loanwords and summarized the linguistic change patterns. Recently, corpus-based quantitative studies have started to statistically reveal several linguistic factors such as the word length influencing the successful integration and adaptation of loanwords in the recipient language. However, these frequency-based researches have difficulties quantifying the complex semantic information. Thus, the quantitative analysis of the loanword semantic phenomena has remained undeveloped. This research sheds light on the quantitative analysis of the semantic phenomena of loanwords using the Word Embedding method. Word embedding can effectively convert semantic contextual information of words to vector values with deep learning methods and big language data. This study suggests several quantitative methods for analyzing the semantic phenomena related to the loanword. This dissertation focuses on three topics of semantic phenomena related to the loanword: Lexical competition, Semantic adaptation, and Social semantic function and the cultural trend change. The first study focuses on the lexical competition between the loanword and the native synonym. Frequency can not distinguish the types of a lexical competition: Word replacement or Semantic differentiation. Judging the type of lexical competition requires to know the context sharing condition between loanwords and the native synonyms. We apply the geometrical concept to modeling the context sharing condition. This geometrical word embedding-based model quantitatively judges what lexical competitions happen between the loanwords and the native synonyms. The second study focus on the semantic adaptation of English loanwords in Japanese and Korean. The original English loanwords undergo semantic change (semantic adaptation) through the process of integration and adaptation in the recipient language. This study applies the transformation matrix method to compare the semantic difference between the loanwords and the original English words. This study extends this transformation method for a contrastive study of the semantic adaptation of English loanwords in Japanese and Korean. The third study focuses on the social semantic role of loanwords reflecting the current cultural trend in Japanese and Korean. Japanese and Korean society frequently use loanwords when new trends or issues happened. Loanwords seem to work as signals alarming the cultural trend in Japanese and Korean. Thus, we propose the hypothesis that loanwords have a role as an indicator of the cultural trend change. This study suggests the tracking method of the contextual change of loanwords through time with the pre-trained contextual embedding model (BERT) for verifying this hypothesis. This word embedding-based method can detect the cultural trend change through the contextual change of loanwords. Throughout these studies, we used our methods in Japanese and Korean data. This shows the possibility for the computational multilingual contrastive linguistic study. These word embedding-based semantic analysis methods will contribute a lot to the development of computational semantics and computational sociolinguistics in various languages.Abstract i Contents iv List of Tables viii List of Figures xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Loanword Study 1 1.2 Research Topics in this Dissertation 6 1.2.1 Lexical Competition between Loanword and Native Synonym 6 1.2.2 Semantic Adaptation of Loanwords 8 1.2.3 Social Semantic Function and the Cultural Trend Change 11 1.3 Methodological Background 14 1.3.1 The Vector Space Model 14 1.3.2 The Bag of Words Model 15 1.3.3 Neural Network and Neural Probabilistic Language Model 15 1.3.4 Distributional Model and Word2vec 18 1.3.5 The Contextual Word Embedding and BERT 21 1.4 Summary of this Chapter 23 2 Word Embeddings for Lexical Changes Caused by Lexical Competition between Loanwords and Native Words 25 2.1 Overview 25 2.2 Related Works 28 2.2.1 Lexical Competition in Loanword 28 2.2.2 Word Embedding Model and Semantic Change 30 2.3 Selection of Loanword and Korean Synonym Pairs 31 2.3.1 Viable Loanwords 31 2.3.2 Previous Approach: The Relative Frequency 31 2.3.3 New Approach: The Proportion Test 32 2.3.4 Technical Challenges for Performing the Proportion Test 32 2.3.5 Filtering Procedures 34 2.3.6 Handling Errors 35 2.3.7 Proportion Test and Questionnaire Survey 36 2.4 Analysis of Lexical Competition 38 2.4.1 The Geometrical Model for Analyzing the Lexical Competition 39 2.4.2 Word Embedding Model for Analyzing Lexical Competition 44 2.4.3 Result and Discussion 44 2.5 Conclusion and Future Work 48 3 Applying Word Embeddings to Measure the Semantic Adaptation of English Loanwords in Japanese and Korean 51 3.1 Overview 51 3.2 Methodology 54 3.3 Data and Experiment 55 3.4 Result and Discussion 58 3.4.1 Japanese 59 3.4.2 Korean 63 3.4.3 Comparison of Cosine Similarities of English Loanwords in Japanese and Korean 68 3.4.4 The Relationship Between the Number of Meanings and Cosine Similarities 75 3.5 Conclusion and Future Works 77 4 Detection of the Contextual Change of Loanwords and the Cultural Trend Change in Japanese and Korean through Pre-trained BERT Language Models 78 4.1 Overview 78 4.2 Related Work 81 4.2.1 Loanwords and Cultural Trend Change 81 4.2.2 Word Embeddings and Semantic Change 81 4.2.3 Contextualized Embedding and Diachronic Semantic Representation 82 4.3 The Framework 82 4.3.1 Sense Representation 82 4.3.2 Tracking the Contextual Changes 85 4.3.3 Evaluation of Frame Work 86 4.3.4 Discussion for Framework 89 4.4 The Cultural Trend Change Analysis through Loanword Contextual Change Detection 89 4.4.1 Methodology 89 4.4.2 Result and Discussion 91 4.5 Conclusion and Future Work 96 5 Conclusion and Future Works 97 5.1 Summary 97 5.2 Future Works 99 5.2.1 Revealing Statistical Law 99 5.2.2 Computational Contrastive Linguistic Study 100 5.2.3 Application to Other Semantics Tasks 100 A List of Loanword Having One Synset and One Definition in Korean CoreNet in Chapter 2 112 Abstract (In Korean) 118Docto

STEM Community Chairs Progress Updates Spring 2016

The following is a brief update of the activities and efforts being undertaken by UNO’s Dr. George and Sally Haddix Community Chair of STEM Education as being held by Dr. Neal Grandgenett. The goal of this position is: Position Goal: To organize, lead and inspire collaborative STEM initiatives at UNO, that cross colleges and disciplines, and that aggressively position UNO to be a true national leader in interdisciplinary STEM programs. (Curriculum, Capacity, Collaboration

A comparative analysis of the policy process of elite sport development in China and the UK (in relation to three Olympic sports of artistic gymnastics, swimming and cycling)

This thesis seeks to analyse the policy making and policy implementation processes of elite sport in China and the UK, covering the period 1992-2012. Three sports are selected for detailed cases studies: artistic gymnastics, swimming and cycling. They represent a wide range of sports in two countries, based on their varying competiveness, weights and traditions. Key areas including organisational structure, financial support, talent identification and athlete development, coaching, training, competition opportunities, scientific research and others (including international influence and other sport- and country-specific areas) are identified to organise the discussion. The aim is not only to present key characteristics of the development of each sport in China and the UK respectively and to introduce the successful experience and problems but also to form a basis for the discussion of policy making, policy implementation and policy changes. [Continues.

A Notable Endeavor: The Nature and Significance of Olympic Education in the Pre-and Post-Period of Beijing\u27s 2008 Olympic Games

This study investigated the nature and significance of Beijing’s Olympic education initiative from its inception seven years before the 2008 Olympic Games to 2015, seven years after the conclusion of the great festival. As exploratory research, this study is the first to cover this academic topic. In 2001, commensurate with Beijing’s award of the 2008 Olympic Summer Games, a non-governmental “grassroots team” initiated an Olympic Education and Olympic Spirit initiative in a small sample of Beijing’s primary and secondary schools. The team was led by a Canadian-trained professor, Dongguang Pei. In 2005, impressed with Pei’s and his team’s initiative, and following the International Olympic Committee’s guidelines for host cities mounting Olympic Education initiatives, the Chinese government endorsed and supported an Olympic Education Legacy initiative called the Olympic Action Plan. The Chinese government’s support of disseminating Olympic knowledge to 400 million Chinese youth nationwide presented Chinese schools, the IOC, and the world with a model for a comprehensive, vigorous, and what some have judged a highly successful public and private school Olympic education program. Compared with the unique Olympic education program presented throughout the seven year period before and during the 2008 Olympic Games, in the seven years following (2008-2015), the carefully and energetically-built program of Olympic Education deteriorated badly. The Chinese government abandoned its leadership and enterprise in sustaining Olympic Education. Based on the investigation sample, “Olympic education activities” in the program’s “model schools” deteriorated abruptly after 2008. Funding, Olympic Education teacher training, and international school partner associations ceased. On-site observation and interviews resulted in the finding that Yangfangdian Central Primary school, the pioneer school of Beijing’s Olympic education, remained the only model school which retained Olympic education activity after the iii 2008 Games. During the post-Games period, Beijing’s Olympic education was replaced by new government approaches to education. This study needs to be understood within China’s unique social, educational and political climate. On the one hand, a centralized political system ensured that Olympic education be implemented under extremely powerful organizational orders. These orders guaranteed not only financial and human resources support, but also the climate for Olympic education to expand extremely quickly through multiple administrative levels. On the other hand, and correspondingly, the disappearance of Olympic education after the Games was, most certainly, due chiefly to the government’s withdrawal of initiative and support. It is a justifiable conclusion that the Chinese centralized system, though enabling the program at its outset and early development periods, in the end rapidly constrained the entire initiative