Urinary estrogen metabolites and prostate cancer : a case-control study and meta-analysis

Objective: To investigate prostate cancer (Pca) risk in relation to estrogen metabolism, expressed as urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1) and 2-OHE1 to 16α-OHE1 ratio. Methods: We conducted a case-control study within the Western New York Health Cohort Study (WNYHCS) from 1996 to 2001. From January 2003 through September 2004, we completed the re-call and follow-up of 1092 cohort participants. Cases (n = 26) and controls (n = 110) were matched on age, race and recruitment period according to a 1:4 ratio. We used the unconditional logistic regression to compute crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confident interval (CI) of Pca in relation to 2-OHE1, 16αOHE1 and 2-OHE1 to 16α-OHE1 by tertiles of urine concentrations (stored in a biorepository for an average of 4 years). We identified age, race, education and body mass index as covariates. We also conducted a systematic review of the literature which revealed no additional studies, but we pooled the results from this study with those from a previously conducted case-control study using the DerSimonian-Laird random effects method. Results: We observed a non-significant risk reduction in the highest tertile of 2-OHE1 (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.25-2.10). Conversely, the odds in the highest tertile of 16α-OHE1 showed a non-significant risk increase (OR 1.76 95% CI 0.62-4.98). There was a suggestion of reduced Pca risk for men in the highest tertile of 2-OHE1 to 16α-OHE1 ratio (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.19-1.68). The pooled estimates confirmed the association between an increased Pca risk and higher urinary levels of 16α-OHE1 (third vs. first tertile: OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.09-3.05) and the protective effect of a higher 2-OHE 1 to 16α-OHE1 ratio (third vs. first tertile: OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31-0.90). Conclusion: Our study and the pooled results provide evidence for a differential role of the estrogen hydroxylation pathway in Pca development and encourage further study

OATP1B1 and tumour OATP1B3 modulate exposure, toxicity, and survival after irinotecan-based chemotherapy

Background: Treatment of advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer with irinotecan is hampered by severe toxicities. The active metabolite of irinotecan, SN-38, is a known substrate of drug-metabolising enzymes, including UGT1A1, as well as OATP and ABC drug transporters.Methods:Blood samples (n=127) and tumour tissue (n=30) were obtained from advanced cancer patients treated with irinotecan-based regimens for pharmacogenetic and drug level analysis and transporter expression. Clinical variables, toxicity, and outcomes data were collected.Results:SLCO1B1 521C was significantly associated with increased SN-38 exposure (P\u3c0.001), which was additive with UGT1A1∗28. ABCC5 (rs562) carriers had significantly reduced SN-38 glucuronide and APC metabolite levels. Reduced risk of neutropenia and diarrhoea was associated with ABCC2-24C/T (odds ratio (OR)=0.22, 0.06-0.85) and CES1 (rs2244613; OR=0.29, 0.09-0.89), respectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer in SLCO1B1 388G/G patients and reduced in ABCC2-24T/T and UGT1A1∗28 carriers. Notably, higher OATP1B3 tumour expression was associated with reduced PFS.Conclusions:Clarifying the association of host genetic variation in OATP and ABC transporters to SN-38 exposure, toxicity and PFS provides rationale for personalising irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Our findings suggest that OATP polymorphisms and expression in tumour tissue may serve as important new biomarkers

Development of an explosive information system for the chemical composition profile of explosives

Analysis of post-blast residues collected from a crime scene is of great importance to forensic investigators in determining the nature of explosives used. The result of the analysis can be used as ultimate evidence in court to link a suspect with the crime. The traditional manual matching of explosive sample for case and control samples are often laborious and inefficient. The scarcity of standard explosives further aggravates the routine work of a forensic analyst. This study was therefore undertaken to develop a novel forensic explosive database information system for rapid and efficient data retrieval and matching. A total of 22 pre- and post-blast samples were collected including military explosives, improvised explosive devices and pyrotechnic explosive samples. All samples were subjected to spot test analysis prior to instrumental analysis. High performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) were used for chemical profiling of high explosives with limits of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.02-4.35 mg/L and 0.30-10.89 ng/L, respectively. Ion chromatography (IC) was employed for chemical profiling of anionic (LOD: 0.07-0.26 mg/L) and cationic (LOD: 0.08-0.28 mg/L) content of inorganic low explosives. This study revealed that each sample displayed different chromatographic profile that could discriminate from one to another. Nitroexplosive compounds of PETN and tetryl were detected in GC-MS/MS analysis via the presence of degradation products of 1,3-propanediol,2,2-dimethyl-,dinitrate and 2,4,6-trinitro-N-methyl-aniline, respectively. Methods developed for IC, HPLC and GC-MS/MS were proposed as standard methods for the generation of results to be incorporated in the explosive database. A total of 52 data information was stored in the database using Microsoft SQL Server. MyForensic Explosive Database (MyFED) graphical user interface was developed using Microsoft Visual Studio. The database incorporated details of the explosives, results of spot test analysis, retention factor and chromatographic profile of each analyte for data searching, retrieval and matching with unknown explosive samples. The user interface involved spot test analysis comparison, followed by chromatogram searching with retention factor comparison. The administrator page allowed access only to the administrator for viewing, inserting, editing and deleting information. The developed MyFED information system supported easy matching of unknown explosive samples with known samples stored in the database. Although the database contained a limited number of explosives data, its capability of easily upgradable to handle more explosive information renders MyFED an attractive and promising start of a Malaysian database system available for use to forensic investigators in Malaysia as well as in the Asian region

Adipose tissue dysfunction and hormonal alterations under various pathophysiological conditions : breast cancer and severe obesity

La prévalence de l'obésité et de ses complications, qui touchent un large éventail de systèmes physiologiques, augmente rapidement et nécessite un effort collectif accru afin de diminuer son incidence et sa progression. D'après les données recueillies à partir d'une kyrielle d'études, il est proposé que la dysfonction du tissu adipeux est déterminante dans le développement de plusieurs maladies non transmissibles telles que le diabète de type 2, l'hypertension, la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique, certaines dyslipidémies et le cancer du sein. Bien qu'il soit documenté que l'obésité puisse favoriser le cancer par une myriade de mécanismes, y compris par une sécrétion hormonale altérée, les données sont peu nombreuses sur le lien entre la dérégulation locale du tissu adipeux non desmoplasique et les facteurs pronostiques du cancer du sein, dont le phénotype tumoral et individuel ainsi que les aspects comportementaux des individus. Les données sont peu exhaustives sur la quantité de stéroïdes présents dans les tissus adipeux en particulier leur rôle et leur pertinence physiologique, au-delà du lien bien connu entre l'expression et l'activité de l'aromatase et la production des œstrogènes. L'objectif global de cette thèse était de décrire la dysfonction du tissu adipeux, en particulier ses aspects hormonaux et inflammatoires dans le cancer du sein et dans l'obésité sévère. Afin de brosser un portrait plus exhaustif de la portée des altérations induites par l'obésité, les caractéristiques de la tumeur, les phénotypes d'adiposité et les marqueurs d'habitudes de vie ont été combinés à une évaluation morphologique, des marquages cellulaires in situ et des données d'expression génique, ce qui nous a permis de représenter de façon détaillée la dysfonction du tissu adipeux local. À ce titre, dans le cadre de cette thèse, une multitude de nouvelles méthodes pour décrire le dysfonctionnement du tissu adipeux in situ ont été développées. Tout d'abord, un protocole a été mis au point pour caractériser les marqueurs de dysfonction des tissus adipeux congelés instantanément par des techniques de coloration tissulaires et des approches basées sur la reconnaissance antigénique, ce qui permet de tirer profit des échantillons provenant des biobanques. Un nouveau profil d'analyse de stéroïdes par spectrométrie de masse en tandem couplée à la chromatographie liquide dans le tissu adipeux mammaire a été adapté en appliquant une approche innovante de dérivatisation pour le défi que représente la détection et la quantification des œstrogènes pertinents dans un contexte biologique. Notre profil a été élargi afin de caractériser plus en détail le métabolome stéroïdien dans les tissus adipeux sous-cutanés et viscéraux dans l'obésité sévère et après une perte de poids induite par la chirurgie bariatrique. Les résultats suggèrent que les caractéristiques du tissu adipeux mammaire local sont associées aux marqueurs pronostiques du cancer du sein, c'est-à-dire, les marqueurs associés au mode de vie, l'adiposité et les caractéristiques tumorales autant chez les femmes pré- que post-ménopausées. Les quantités d'hormones stéroïdiennes sont associées à la sévérité des lésions mammaires, tout comme l'inflammation, représentée par l'infiltration des cellules inflammatoires et l'hypertrophie adipocytaire. Une amélioration du profil stéroïdien après une perte de poids substantielle a également été observée, ce qui met l'accent sur la capacité d'adaptation du tissu adipeux. En somme, les résultats présentés dans cette thèse soulignent le rôle de la dérégulation hormonale dans le tissu adipeux qui joue probablement un rôle de premier plan dans l'obésité, dans les altérations associées à l'obésité et dans le cancer du sein et révèlent que la dysfonction du tissu adipeux n'est que partiellement renversée par la chirurgie bariatrique.Obesity and its complications, which affect a wide array of organ systems, are rapidly increasing and require our increased collective efforts in order to limit its incidence and progression. Data gathered from a plethora of studies show that the dysfunction of adipose tissue is decisive for the development of several noncommunicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain dyslipidaemias, and breast cancer. Although it is well documented that obesity may foster cancer through a constellation of mechanisms, including detrimental hormonal secretion, data are scarce on the link between non-desmoplastic local adipose tissue dysregulation and breast cancer prognostic factors encompassing tumour and individual phenotypes along with behavioural aspects. There is also a scarcity of data concerning white adipose tissue steroid profile and its role in severe obesity and breast cancer. The physiological relevance of adipose tissue steroids beyond the aromatase and oestrogens nexus in the breast cancer paradigm remains largely unexplored. The overall objective of this thesis was to characterise adipose tissue dysfunction, in particular hormonal and inflammatory aspects of local adipose tissue in the context of both breast cancer and severe obesity. Tumour characteristics, adiposity phenotypes, and life style factors were assessed in order to paint a more complete picture of the roles of obesity-mediated alterations. Various techniques were applied to allow for a comprehensive assessment of local adipose tissue dysfunction. As such, in the framework of this thesis, new methods have been developed to describe adipose tissue dysfunction in situ. First, a protocol has been developed to characterise flash-frozen adipose tissue dysfunction markers by general staining and antibody recognition taking advantage of large biobanks. A new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry steroid profile has been tailored for breast adipose tissue by applying an innovative derivatisation approach for the complex detection and quantification of bioactive oestrogens. Our profile has been expanded in order to characterise in more intricate details the steroid metabolome in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in severe obesity before and after surgery-induced weight loss. The results suggest that local breast adipose tissue features are associated with breast cancer prognostic markers, namely lifestyle, adiposity, and tumour features, in both pre- and postmenopausal women. Steroid hormone amounts were associated with the severity of the breast lesions as was inflammation, assessed by inflammatory cell infiltration and adipocyte hypertrophy. An improvement in steroid profile after substantial weight loss has also been observed which emphasises adipose tissue adaptability. Taken together, results displayed in this thesis underline the role of hormonal dysregulation in adipose tissue, which likely plays a significant role in obesity, obesity-associated alterations and in breast cancer, and unveil that adipose tissue dysfunction is only partially reversed by bariatric surgery