A single molecule approach to investigate how AP1 transcriptional regulators find their target sites on DNA

Transcriptional regulator protein family members Activator Protein-1 (AP1) bind to their target site TGAC/GTCA during the normal cell cycle. Their over-expression is linked to the initiation of cancer. Regulating cFos and cJun interactions with AP1 binding sites is a potential cancer therapy strategy. How the proteins find their target sites and whether non-specific DNA binding occurs will be investigated. The Protein Fragment Complementation Assay (PCA) derived inhibitor FosW is also capable of interfering with its target cJun. To study these proteins, DNA tightropes were created where single strands of λ, pUC19, pUCap1 and target-free λ (TFλ) DNA were suspended above the surface of a glass coverslip on 5 μm high pedestals. Oblique Angle Fluorescence (OAF) microscopy was used to image Quantum dot (Qdot) conjugated proteins in vitro. The protein combinations cFos:cFos, cJun:cJun, cFos:cJun, FosW and FosW+cJun (Mason et al. 2006, Worrall and Mason 2011) were studied interacting with the different DNA substrates and within the AP1 family. 71 ± 3.1% cJun:cJun, 53 ± 6.1% cFos:cJun heterodimers diffused 3-Dimensionally and 1-Dimensionally along λ DNA, indicating this is a crucial part of their search mechanism. Surprisingly, cFos is capable of dimerising, a previously unseen observation. 45 ± 3.7% of these cFos:cFos homodimers also diffused 3-Dimensionally and 1-Dimensionally. Diffusion decreased when the proteins interacted with pUC19 and pUCap1 and cJun only showed 3 ± 1.5% movement on TFλ, an unexpected observation. The interaction between FosW and cJun:cJun indicated clear interference with cJun dimerization. 55 ± 11.0% FosW and 39 ± 11.0% FosW+cJun diffused 3-Dimensionally and 1-Dimensionally. This was observed to occur directly on DNA and clarifies the mechanism of competitive inhibition and partner exchange in the AP1 family. This insight may significantly impact our understanding on how these proteins regulate transcription and help define new mechanisms of inhibition

Regulation of the cd38 promoter in human airway smooth muscle cells by TNF-α and dexamethasone

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>CD38 is expressed in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells, regulates intracellular calcium, and its expression is augmented by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). CD38 has a role in airway hyperresponsiveness, a hallmark of asthma, since deficient mice develop attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness compared to wild-type mice following intranasal challenges with cytokines such as IL-13 and TNF-α. Regulation of CD38 expression in HASM cells involves the transcription factor NF-κB, and glucocorticoids inhibit this expression through NF-κB-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In this study, we determined whether the transcriptional regulation of CD38 expression in HASM cells involves response elements within the promoter region of this gene.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We cloned a putative 3 kb promoter fragment of the human <it>cd38 </it>gene into pGL3 basic vector in front of a luciferase reporter gene. Sequence analysis of the putative <it>cd38 </it>promoter region revealed one NF-κB and several AP-1 and glucocorticoid response element (GRE) motifs. HASM cells were transfected with the 3 kb promoter, a 1.8 kb truncated promoter that lacks the NF-κB and some of the AP-1 sites, or the promoter with mutations of the NF-κB and/or AP-1 sites. Using the electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we determined the binding of nuclear proteins to oligonucleotides encoding the putative <it>cd38 </it>NF-κB, AP-1, and GRE sites, and the specificity of this binding was confirmed by gel supershift analysis with appropriate antibodies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>TNF-α induced a two-fold activation of the 3 kb promoter following its transfection into HASM cells. In cells transfected with the 1.8 kb promoter or promoter constructs lacking NF-κB and/or AP-1 sites or in the presence of dexamethasone, there was no induction in the presence of TNF-α. The binding of nuclear proteins to oligonucleotides encoding the putative <it>cd38 </it>NF-κB site and some of the six AP-1 sites was increased by TNF-α, and to some of the putative <it>cd38 </it>GREs by dexamethasone.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The EMSA results and the cd38 promoter-reporter assays confirm the functional role of NF-κB, AP-1 and GREs in the cd38 promoter in the transcriptional regulation of CD38.</p

High-Throughput GoMiner, an 'industrial-strength' integrative gene ontology tool for interpretation of multiple-microarray experiments, with application to studies of Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID)

BACKGROUND: We previously developed GoMiner, an application that organizes lists of 'interesting' genes (for example, under-and overexpressed genes from a microarray experiment) for biological interpretation in the context of the Gene Ontology. The original version of GoMiner was oriented toward visualization and interpretation of the results from a single microarray (or other high-throughput experimental platform), using a graphical user interface. Although that version can be used to examine the results from a number of microarrays one at a time, that is a rather tedious task, and original GoMiner includes no apparatus for obtaining a global picture of results from an experiment that consists of multiple microarrays. We wanted to provide a computational resource that automates the analysis of multiple microarrays and then integrates the results across all of them in useful exportable output files and visualizations. RESULTS: We now introduce a new tool, High-Throughput GoMiner, that has those capabilities and a number of others: It (i) efficiently performs the computationally-intensive task of automated batch processing of an arbitrary number of microarrays, (ii) produces a human-or computer-readable report that rank-orders the multiple microarray results according to the number of significant GO categories, (iii) integrates the multiple microarray results by providing organized, global clustered image map visualizations of the relationships of significant GO categories, (iv) provides a fast form of 'false discovery rate' multiple comparisons calculation, and (v) provides annotations and visualizations for relating transcription factor binding sites to genes and GO categories. CONCLUSION: High-Throughput GoMiner achieves the desired goal of providing a computational resource that automates the analysis of multiple microarrays and integrates results across all of the microarrays. For illustration, we show an application of this new tool to the interpretation of altered gene expression patterns in Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID). High-Throughput GoMiner will be useful in a wide range of applications, including the study of time-courses, evaluation of multiple drug treatments, comparison of multiple gene knock-outs or knock-downs, and screening of large numbers of chemical derivatives generated from a promising lead compound

Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA): Immunoassay Development and Characterization of Transcriptional Regulation

Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of death among American men. The high mortality is greatly attributed to the lack of early detection tools and effective treatment for metastasis and relapses. Biomarkers that can discriminate benign from malignant tumor and signal the development of androgen independent and metastatic tumor are needed. A biomarker designated prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has the potential to fulfill this need. The objective of this study is to develop a clinically useful immunoassay for quantitation of serum PSMA and to study the molecular mechanism underlying the upregulation of the PSMA gene after androgen deprivation therapy. Surface Enhanced Laser Ionization/Desorption (SELDI) ProteinChip® mass spectrometry was used for the first aim. A baculovirus recombinant PSMA was generated, purified and characterized. After the SELDI immunoassay conditions were optimized, a standard curve was established using rPSMA as the substitute antigen. Serum PSMA levels, as measured by SELDI immunoassay, were able to distinguish benign from malignant prostate disease. To understand the transcriptional regulation of the PSMA gene, the second aim focused on the 14 AP-1 sites in the 5′ region of the PSMA gene. By Northern blot, the PSMA mRNA levels in LNCaP cells were found to be increased by the inducers of AP-1, EGF and TPA, and decreased by androgens. The PSMA promoter activity, as analyzed by luciferase assay, was also induced by EGF and cotransfected AP-1 proteins, but suppressed by androgens. The binding of AP-1 to three putative AP-l sites in the vicinity of the PSMA transcription initiation sites was demonstrated by gel shift assay. The DNA binding was also decreased by androgens and increased by EGF. Gel shift competition further indicated that the AP-1 binding might be inhibited by the interaction between androgen receptors and AP-1. To summarize this study, the serum PSMA level was measured by SELDI immunoassay and was shown to be a more effective biomarker than PSA for differentiating benign from malignant prostate disease. Moreover. PSMA gene transcription is activated by AP-1 and suppressed by androgens possibly through the inhibition of AP-1 binding to the PSMA promoter by androgen receptor

Caractérisation du mode de régulation du récepteur 2B de la sérotonine (HTR2B) dans le mélanome uvéal

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2017-2018Le mélanome uvéal (MU) est la principale forme de cancer intraoculaire possédant la capacité d’engendrer des métastases au foie et aux poumons des patients atteints, cette maladie est incurable et fatale dans les 8 mois suivant le dépistage des métastases. Grâce à des analyses en profilage génique sur biopuces à ADN, une signature moléculaire de 12 gènes dérégulés permettant de subdiviser les MU en deux classes: à faible (classe 1) ou haut (classe 2) risque d’évoluer vers le stade métastatique a pu être identifiée. Parmi les 4 gènes de la classe 2, la surexpression du gène codant le récepteur 2B de la sérotonine (HTR2B) est l’indice le plus fiable menant à l’identification des patients à risque d’évoluer vers la maladie métastatique. Cette étude a pour but de caractériser le promoteur de ce gène et les mécanismes moléculaires menant à sa surexpression aberrabte dans les lignées métastatiques de MU. Différents segments du promoteur du gène HTR2B ont été clonés dans le plasmide pCATbasic, puis introduits par transfection dans les lignées cellulaires MU. Des analyses d’interférence de méthylation au diméthylsulfate (DMS) et de retard sur gel de polyacrylamide (EMSA) ont été réalisées afin de démontrer la liaison de facteurs de transcription (FTs) au promoteur HTR2B. La transfection des délétants HTR2B/CAT a permis d’identifier des régions régulatrices positives et négatives en amont du promoteur HTR2B. Les analyses EMSA et d’interférence de méthylation au DMS nous ont permis de démontrer la liaison des FTs NFI et RUNX1 au promoteur du gène HTR2B. Ce projet permettra de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires responsables de la surexpression du gène HTR2B et de définir de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques qui pourraient permettre le dépistage des patients à risque d’évoluer vers la maladie métastatique.Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common type of primary intraocular tumor in the adult population. UM will propagate to the liver as the first metastatic site. Once this organ is invaded, survival becomes a matter of months for the patient as no treatment has proven to be effective. Among the candidates from the class II gene signature, the serotonin receptor-encoding gene (HTR2B) appears to be the most discriminating as its expression strongly increases in the tumors that will progress toward liver metastases. Our study aims at characterizing the molecular mechanisms that lead to this aberrant expression of HTR2B in metastatic UM cell lines. Expression of HTR2B was monitered by microarrays in a variety of UM cell lines. Various segments from the promoter and 5’-flanking sequence of the HTR2B gene were cloned upstream the CAT gene in the plasmid pCATbasic. The genomic areas of interest were 5’end-labeled and used as probes in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). DMS methylation interference footprinting was also used to precisely position the DNA target sites for transcription factors (TFs) that bind the HTR2B regulatory regions. Transfection analyses revealed that the upstream regulatory regions of HTR2B promoter is made up of a combination of alternative positive and negative regulatory elements. Repressive regions also bear a high number of target sites for the TF NFI. EMSA analyses provided evidence that multiple NFI isoforms can interact with the promoter of the HTR2B gene. In addition, the TF RUNX1 was shown by DMS methylation interference footprinting to bind a target site from the HTR2B distal silencer element. This project will help understand better the molecular mechanisms accounting for the abnormal expression of HTR2B in uveal melanoma. In the long term, this study will allow us to identify new potential targets that could help screening patients at high risk of evolving toward the liver metastatic disease

Interaction of AP-1-, AP-2-, and Sp1-like proteins with two distinct sites in the upstream regulatory region of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene mediates the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate response

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces a 3- and 10-fold induction of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in HT1080 and HeLa cells, respectively, following transient transfection of a 336-base pair plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promoter fragment linked to a CAT reporter gene. Substitution mutations in the regions encompassing nucleotides -78 to -69 (TGGGTGGGGC) or -61 to -54 (TGAGTTCA), but not in the regions -155 to -149 (TGCCTCA) or -84 to -76 (AGTGAGTGG) reduced this induction. Gel electrophoresis of double-stranded -65 to -50 oligonucleotides of the PAI-1 promoter region and nuclear extracts from Hela cells produced a gel shift pattern similar to that obtained with a AP-1 consensus oligomer, and excess unlabeled AP-1 oligomer reverted binding, suggesting that this region of the PAI-1 promoter is an AP-1-like binding site. Gel electrophoresis of double-stranded -82 to -65 oligonucleotides with HeLa nuclear extracts revealed a gel shift pattern of three bands; Sp1 consensus oligomer competed with the binding to two of these bands and AP-2 consensus sequence oligomer with the binding to the third band. The -82 to -65 oligomer also bound to purified AP-2 and Sp1 proteins. Southwestern blotting of HeLa nuclear extracts revealed that the labeled oligomer spanning region -82 to -65 bound to proteins with molecular masses of 52 and 72 kDa. Consensus AP-2 oligonucleotides competed for binding of the labeled -82 to -65 oligonucleotide to the 52-kDa protein, but consensus Sp-1 oligonucleotides did not compete for binding to the 72-kDa compound. The 72-kDa component binding to the -82 to -65 region may represent a new protein involved in transcriptional regulation

A pivotal role of FOS-mediated BECN1/Beclin 1 upregulation in dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist-induced autophagy activation

<div><p>Autophagy dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). BECN1/Beclin 1 acts as a critical regulator of autophagy and other cellular processes; yet, little is known about the function and regulation of BECN1 in PD. In this study, we report that dopamine D2 and D3 receptor (DRD2 and DRD3) activation by pramipexole and quinpirole could enhance <i>BECN1</i> transcription and promote autophagy activation in several cell lines, including PC12, MES23.5 and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, and also in tyrosine hydroxylase positive primary midbrain neurons. Moreover, we identified a novel FOS (FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog) binding sequence (5′-TGCCTCA-3′) in the rat and human <i>Becn1</i>/<i>BECN1</i> promoter and uncovered an essential role of FOS binding in the enhancement of <i>Becn1</i> transcription in PC12 cells in response to the dopamine agonist(s). In addition, we demonstrated a critical role of intracellular Ca²⁺ elevation, followed by the enhanced phosphorylation of CAMK4 (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV) and CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein) in the increases of FOS expression and autophagy activity. More importantly, pramipexole treatment ameliorated the SNCA/α-synuclein accumulation in rotenone-treated PC12 cells that overexpress wild-type or A53T mutant SNCA by promoting autophagy flux. This effect was also demonstrated in the substantia nigra and the striatum of <i>SNCA</i>^A53T transgenic mice. The inhibition of SNCA accumulation by pramipexole was attenuated by cotreatment with the DRD2 and DRD3 antagonists and <i>Becn1</i> siRNAs. Thus, our findings suggest that DRD2 and DRD3 agonist(s) may induce autophagy activation via a BECN1-dependent pathway and have the potential to reduce SNCA accumulation in PD.</p></div