Design of a Sigma-Delta ADC in 65nm CMOS Process

Analog and digital signals both play a vital role in electrical engineering and the technology of today. As the role of electrical and computer engineers becomes more deeply involved in the development of new technology, an understanding of how these signals are utilized, and what they represent, is a necessity. Due to the inherent limitations involved with analog signals, there is a need for these signals to be accurately and efficiently converted to digital signals for processing. The job of the analog-to-digital converter, or ADC, is to receive this analog input signal (voltage or current) and create a digital representation of it based on a specified number of bits, or resolution. In this paper, the design and testing of a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter will be presented. An explanation of how each component operates within the system will be discussed and the results of testing each of these components as well as the system as a whole will be provided. It will be seen that from fundamental building blocks such as switched-capacitors, op-amps, and digital logic, a fast and efficient system of converting analog to digital signals can be derived. Sigma-delta converters are an increasingly common architecture of ADC used due to the small number of components needed and the low noise, high resolution conversion offered. Through the process of designing and simulating a very basic sigma-delta converter, the fundamental concepts of integrated circuit design, signal processing, and ADC design will be thoroughly explored

Design of a Sigma-Delta ADC in 65nm CMOS Process

Analog and digital signals both play a vital role in electrical engineering and the technology of today. As the role of electrical and computer engineers becomes more deeply involved in the development of new technology, an understanding of how these signals are utilized, and what they represent, is a necessity. Due to the inherent limitations involved with analog signals, there is a need for these signals to be accurately and efficiently converted to digital signals for processing. The job of the analog-to-digital converter, or ADC, is to receive this analog input signal (voltage or current) and create a digital representation of it based on a specified number of bits, or resolution. In this paper, the design and testing of a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter will be presented. An explanation of how each component operates within the system will be discussed and the results of testing each of these components as well as the system as a whole will be provided. It will be seen that from fundamental building blocks such as switched-capacitors, op-amps, and digital logic, a fast and efficient system of converting analog to digital signals can be derived. Sigma-delta converters are an increasingly common architecture of ADC used due to the small number of components needed and the low noise, high resolution conversion offered. Through the process of designing and simulating a very basic sigma-delta converter, the fundamental concepts of integrated circuit design, signal processing, and ADC design will be thoroughly explored

Laser Scanning Based Object Detection to Realize Digital Blank Shadows for Autonomous Process Planning in Machining

The automated process chain of an unmanned production system is a distinct challenge in the technical state of the art. In particular, accurate and fast raw-part recognition is a current problem in small-batch production. This publication proposes a method for automatic optical raw-part detection to generate a digital blank shadow, which is applied for adapted CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) planning. Thereby, a laser-triangulation sensor is integrated into the machine tool. For an automatic raw-part detection and a workpiece origin definition, a dedicated algorithm for creating a digital blank shadow is introduced. The algorithm generates adaptive scan paths, merges laser lines and machine axis data, filters interference signals, and identifies part edges and surfaces according to a point cloud. Furthermore, a dedicated software system is introduced to investigate the created approach. This method is integrated into a CAD/CAM system, with customized software libraries for communication with the CNC (computer numerical control) machine. The results of this study show that the applied method can identify the positions, dimensions, and shapes of different raw parts autonomously, with deviations less than 1 mm, in 2.5 min. Moreover, the measurement and process data can be transferred without errors to different hardware and software systems. It was found that the proposed approach can be applied for rough raw-part detection, and in combination with a touch probe for accurate detection

The KT-Pilot Computer

This paper deals with the outline, design features and performance of the KT-Pilot, which is a binary, parallel, high-speed digital computer developed for research into the technical problems encountered in high-speed computers. This machine, although a small-sized experimental one, has many unique features : a microprogram control system utilizing a newly developed phototransistor fixed or read-only memory, asynchronous operations adopted to speed up the machine, a continuous-sheet Supermalloy thin film memory first put into practical use as the computer memory in this country, high-speed logic circuits employing fast mesa transistors and both mesa and gold-bonded diodes as circuit components, and so on. Two types of core memories, i.e. current-coincident type and word-organized type, constitute the main memory together with the above-mentioned thin film memory. A photo-tape reader and a Flexowriter are used respectively as the input and output devices. This machine has been operating stably at our laboratory, and its performance is very satisfactory

A low power and fast CMOS arithmetic logic unit

This thesis presents the design of a low power and fast Complimentary Metal-Oxide- Semiconductor (CMOS) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). ALU is one of the most important parts of a digital computer which is designed to do the arithmetic and logic operations, including bit shifting operation that need to be done for almost any data that is being processed by the central processing unit (CPU). For most applications of all digital circuits, the two important attributes are maximizing speed and minimizing power consumption. The overall performance of the system will depend on the speed of the different modules used in the design. To achieve the desired outcome, the proposed ALU is designed using pass transistor logic (PTL) based multiplexers and 8 transistors (8T) full adder. Tanner EDA V13 with CMOS technology of 0.25μm is used to design and analyze the circuit. Less number of transistors used will result in small design space area thus reducing the power consumption. The result is being analyzed by different values of supply voltage applied to the circuit which ranging from 5V to 1V. The results obtained shows that the minimum power consumption is for Vdd equal to 1V with 0.533μW. The speed of the circuit is being measured through the propagation delay of the ALU. The result shows the propagation delay for 1V power supply is 3.65μs

Enabling Multidisciplinary Perspective in Student Design Project: Fast Fashion and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems

Fast fashion retailers are growing faster than any other type of retailer due to their ability to offer trendy low-cost clothing mimicking latest runway trends with turnaround times as low as two weeks. Fueled by short production and distribution lead times, fast fashion retailers combine rapid prototyping, small batches of fashionable product designs, and efficient transportations and delivery. Among others, the methods applied in fast-fashion industry include mass customization and personalization, and lean manufacturing. Current trends in manufacturing lean towards the application of digital and rapid manufacturing methods and increased use of product lifecycle management, knowledge management systems and computer integrated manufacturing. Furthermore, modern fashion systems span geographical regions, wherein design and manufacturing is not necessarily done at the same location and it requires coordination of many pairs of hands and machines, followed by multiple processes and treatments to meet the demands of ever decreasing time-to-market. Hence, there are connections that can be used as a benefit for multidisciplinary student projects which would include fashion merchandising students and engineering students. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present a model of a project which would include a team of students with diverse backgrounds and experiences in fashion, engineering, and industrial technology in order to examine various manufacturing system concepts that can be used to enhance the sustainability of fast-fashion systems. These activities would be embedded in their current courses and they would expose engineering students to a fashion manufacturing industry and fashion students to engineering concepts of product lifecycle management and computer aided manufacturing. Special emphasis would be given to female engineering students who are not necessarily exposed to this kind of industry in their major

Design And Implementation Of The First Trip Signal Detection In A Machinery Assembly System

This study can give the solutions for many problems. The water pump or boiler in the vapory power station for example, often gets out of service. The main causes for this problem and the reasons behind its repetition can be due to both human and technical factors, i.e., the causes can be from the maintenance operators in the control room, mechanical maintenance, and electrical maintenance and protection systems. Similarly, the malfunction of device may occur as a result of incorrect connection of the wires or the problem of the virtual design of the machine. Therefore, reliable solution to entirely get rid of these problems or the substantial part of them is required. These can be achieved by designing a system to capture these problems, which then be accordingly tackled by finding the virtual and direct solutions. The thesis describes the design and implementation of the first trip signal detection in machinery assembly system. The program used in this study was written specifically to handle above-mentioned problems for this system using the Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. The system consists of the system circuit-using personal computer, ADAM-4561, ADAM-4068, ADAM-4051,RS-485 networks, power requirements, 16-external input relays and alarm sound. The system catches both 0 and 1 input digital trip signals. Any type of voltage relay DC or AC Voltage is used for external relays and the system can also be used for both digital and analog signals, operating between 5.5V to 10V for the digital signal; and between 5.5V to 10V for the analog signal. It is important to note that the system used in this study has top security secured by the use of a main password in the software system and can’t be using the system without knowing the Executive. Similarly, the system has been designed to be easily carried to any unit by choosing the entire device as small as possible and connecting to the laptop. The system is designed to easily test by including the sixteen external input relays (AC Relays or DC Relays) to test the system. Energize any relays from the sixteen relays or two or three relays together, etc., and users can clearly see on the computer screen the first trip signal data and hear the alarm sound when the first trip signal comes in. Then the system can using to catch sixteen problems in any workplace by using the sixteen channels that in the system. The system includes being accurate between 5.5 V to 10 V for both analog and digital signals directly to the system without relays to catch the first trip signal for this type of signals. To add to this, the system has also been successfully designed and implemented for quick and accurate results. The design, the construction and the testing of the system are presented in this thesis. The system is a simple, fast and accurate method to catch the first trip signal for any machinery assembly system that has sixteen channels and save all the information related to the first trip signal (name, location, office and control room telephone numbers, date, time, etc.). The accuracy of the system was tested and the test has been successfu

Digital holography and hybrid opto-acoustic imaging system for vibration analysis

Holography is a true three dimensional (3D) imaging technique that has real life applications varying from high resolution 3D microscopy to interferometric analysis. In this thesis a hybrid opto-acoustic vibration analysis system is designed and implemented which is combination of a digital holographic interferometer and an acoustic microphone array. The system is capable of analyzing broad range of vibration amplitudes by utilizing acoustic microphone array for coarser analysis and holographic interferometer for small scale analysis on the order of few hundred nanometers. In the design process of the system, a comprehensive research on holography is performed both from theoretical and practical perspectives. In the theoretical part, a discrepancy that exists in the literature for the numerical reconstruction of digital holograms is clarified and a new method for diffraction pattern calculation is presented which we call Planar Layers Method (PLM). PLM is a fast method based on the idea of representing 3D computer synthesized objects with discrete planar layers and evaluating the diffraction patterns efficiently using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based Fresnel Transform. In the practical issues about holography, a new holographic recording scheme is presented in which there is no need for a separate reference wave. In the method reference beam is generated from the reflecting object wave, therefore path length equalization can be done automatically

Index to NASA Tech Briefs, 1975

This index contains abstracts and four indexes--subject, personal author, originating Center, and Tech Brief number--for 1975 Tech Briefs