Quality and Availability of spectrum based routing for Cognitive radio enabled IoT networks

With the recent emergence and its wide spread applicability Internet of Things (IoT) is putting pressure on network resources and most importantly on availability of spectrum. Spectrum scarcity is the issue to be addressed in networking within IoT. Cognitive radio is the technology which addresses the problem of spectrum scarcity in an efficient way. Equipping the IoT devices with cognitive radio capability will lead to a new dimension called cognitive radio enabled IoT devices. To achieve ON-demand IoT solutions and interference free communications cognitive radio enabled IoT devices will become an effective platform for many applications. As there is high dynamicity in availability of spectrum it is challenging for designing an efficient routing protocol for secondary users in cognitive device networks. In this work we are going to estimate spectrum quality and spectrum availability based on two parameters called global information about spectrum usage and instant spectrum status information. Enhanced energy detector is used at each and every node for better probability of detection. For estimating spectrum quality and availability we are introducing novel routing metrics. To have restriction on the number of reroutings and to increase the performance of routing in our proposed routing metric only one retransmission is allowed. Then, two algorithms for routing are designed for evaluating the performance of routing and we find that the bit error rates of proposed algorithms (nodes are dynamic) have decreased a lot when compared to conventional methods (Nodes are static) and throughput of proposed algorithm also improved a lot

A Survey on Data Perception in Cognitive Internet of Things, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2019, nr 3

A Cognitive Internet of Things (CIoT) is a brand of Internet of Things (IoT) with cognitive and agreeable mechanisms, which are incorporated to advance performance and accomplish insights into real world environments. CIoT can perceive present system’s conditions, analyze the apparent information, make smart choices, and increase the network performance. In this survey paper, we present classifications of data perception techniques used in CIoT. This paper also compares the data perception works against energy consumption, network life-time, resource allocation, and throughput, as well as quality of data and delay. In addition, simulation tools for IoT and their performance are discussed. Finally, we provide the model of cognitive agent-based data perception in CIoT for future research and development, which ensures the network performance in terms of reliability, energy efficient, accuracy, scalable, fault tolerant, and quality of data

Quality and Availability of spectrum based routing for Cognitive radio enabled IoT networks

With the recent emergence and its wide spread applicability Internet of Things (IoT) is putting pressure on network resources and most importantly on availability of spectrum. Spectrum scarcity is the issue to be addressed in networking within IoT. Cognitive radio is the technology which addresses the problem of spectrum scarcity in an efficient way. Equipping the IoT devices with cognitive radio capability will lead to a new dimension called cognitive radio enabled IoT devices. To achieve ON-demand IoT solutions and interference free communications cognitive radio enabled IoT devices will become an effective platform for many applications. As there is high dynamicity in availability of spectrum it is challenging for designing an efficient routing protocol for secondary users in cognitive device networks. In this work we are going to estimate spectrum quality and spectrum availability based on two parameters called global information about spectrum usage and instant spectrum status information. Enhanced energy detector is used at each and every node for better probability of detection. For estimating spectrum quality and availability we are introducing novel routing metrics. To have restriction on the number of reroutings and to increase the performance of routing in our proposed routing metric only one retransmission is allowed. Then, two algorithms for routing are designed for evaluating the performance of routing and we find that the bit error rates of proposed algorithms (nodes are dynamic) have decreased a lot when compared to conventional methods (Nodes are static) and throughput of proposed algorithm also improved a lot

Capturing, Exploring and Sharing People's Emotional Bond with Places in the City using Emotion Maps

The vision of ubiqitous computing is becoming increasingly realized through smart city solutions. With the proliferation of smartphones and smartwatches, alongside the rise of the quantified-self movement, a new technological layer is being added to the urban environment. This framework offers the possibility to capture, track, measure, visualize, and augment our experience of the urban environment. However, to that end, there is a growing need to better understand the triangular relationship between person, place, and technology. Urban HCI studies are increasingly focused on emotion and affect in order to create a better understanding of people's experience of the city, and investigate how technology could potentially play a role in augmenting this lived urban experience. For one example, artist Christian Nold used wearable technology to measure people's arousal levels as they walked freely through the urban environment, identifying locations in the city that evoked an emotional response from people. After these walks, people's arousal levels were superimposed on a map of the city and participants were asked to interpret their own data, resulting in aggregated, fully annotated, and beautifully visualized emotion maps of the city. Based on a systematic review of emotions maps in existing literature, this paper discusses the strengths, limitations and potential of capturing, representing, exploring and sharing this personal, geo-located emotion data with other people using emotion maps. This is part of a PhD project which seeks to understand how people's experiences of places in the urban environment are meaningful to them on a personal level. Although our analysis seems to indicate that emotion maps in their current form are only of limited efficacy in accurately capturing, representing and communicating the profound, complex emotional bond that people have with personally meaningful places in the city, there appears to be potential for the use of emotion maps as a provocation in a speculative design approach

Supporting smart-city mobility with cognitive internet of things

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a key data provider for the Internet of Things (IoT). A WSN can serve as a tool for both identification and data generation. However, due to its inherent resource limitation the WSNs cannot generate and transmit large data streams and, therefore, typically transmit raw and simple sensor values. Furthermore, the sensors usually transmit their data in proprietary formats to an embedded application. This can be enough for WSN control and monitoring applications, but is not enough for the IoT where it is expected that thousands of different objects belonging to different context will be accessed remotely. In this work we propose to create a virtual representation of real objects (sensors) with a corresponding Virtual Object (VO) model. This VO produces not solely a stream of raw sensor measurements, but enriches those with context information. We evaluate our approach using a real city-scale traffic monitoring sensor network deployed in the city of Enschede, the Netherlands

UrbanIxD: Exploring human interactions for the hybrid city

With the vision of ubiquitous computing becoming increasingly realised, a need is identified to create a better understanding of the relationship between person, place, and technology in the urban environment. The aim of this research in the field of Urban Interaction Design is to investigate how people’s emotional person-place relationships with personally meaningful places in their city of residence, can inform the design of technological devices and services that augment this urban lived experience in the hybrid city of the near future. Based on insights from social science studies of place attachment and research focusing on technology mediating the emotional experience of and in the urban environment, a holistic, human-centred bottom-up approach is taken. It investigates the full range of experiences-in-place and emotions from which emotional person-place relationships in the city develop. Using a three-staged, multimethod approach consisting of a Walking & Talking interview and two sedentary interviews with (speculative) evaluative map techniques, 45 emotional person-place relationships of eight residents of Edinburgh are investigated. This resulted in a taxonomy of 16 types of emotional experience-in-place, and identified potential for capturing, representing, consuming, and sharing emotional person-place relationship data based on different types of positive and negative emotional experience-in-place, different types of representations and sensorial experiences, the closeness of social relationships and shared interests, and to support the self-regulation of emotions. These main findings informed the design of a suite of three speculative design fictions in the form of two short films and a comic, to further explore this design space. These authentic, personally relevant, and provocative conversation pieces successfully engaged residents of Edinburgh in three focus groups on a human, personal level in an informed discussion, enabling critical reflection on current practices and interactions, and speculation about possible future scenarios for this unfamiliar design space. This contributed to a set of design guidelines for emotional experience-in-place. It serves as a framework for urban interaction designers to understand the context of, identify potential for, and inform the design of technological devices and services that leverage emotional person-place relationships in the hybrid city of the near future