From rice to cocoa through a political economy of dishonesty, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sulawesi has been the theatre of a spectacular cocoa boom, which started from scratch in the late 1970s, with production exceeding the 200,000-tonne threshold in the mid-1990s. Sulawesi also used to be a rice granary for Indonesia. Although it still exports rice to other provinces, Sulawesi turned its dynamism towards cocoa. They mostly are Bugis farmers. Then Balinese and Javanese transmigrants started to follow. From that historical development in Sulawesi, the objective is to analyze at the microeconomic level, how Indonesia switched back from rice self-sufficiency to structural dependency on imports since 1994. Bugis used their experience and capital built on rice to start cocoa pioneer lives that proved to be highly successful. They also benefited of involuntary helpful policies such as fertilizer subsidies that were conceived for rice self-sufficiency, not for cocoa. Within official projects, Balinese and Javanese transmigrants were often obliged not to plant tree crops, or at least not beyond the 0.25ha backyard. How did these policies involuntarily trigger new impetus to cocoa and eventually hamper the development of paddy cultivation in the 1990s? The Sulawesi cocoa story may be a showcase for understanding why the gap between the national demand and supply of rice increased since the mid-1990s

Three new species of Goera Stephens (Trichoptera: Goeridae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia

Three new species of the caddisfly genus Goera Stephens (Trichoptera: Goeridae) are described from the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Goera neboissi sp. n., G. jolanda sp. n., and G. higleri sp. n. were found to be related to G. skiasma Neboiss, which is the only previously recorded species from Sulawesi. These species share the following combination of characters: an upright IXth segment; the absence of the median dorsal process of tergum X; a long, mesal process of the inferior appendage with a subbasal projection; and, the absence of parameres

Sustainable Agricultural Bioindustry Development: Integration of Cassava Cultivation with Beef Cattle Husbandry in North Sulawesi Province

This paper reviews the potential sustainable agricultural bioindustry development based on animal feed and organic fertilizer through an integration between crops cultivation with livestock production. This bio-industrial development could be carried out successfully in Indonesia, including in the region of North Sulawesi Province. Cattle feed bioindustry could be developed from biomass of cassava plantation, such as the cassava leaves, tubers and cassava peelers. Whereas, the solid and liquid organic fertilizers bioindustry could be developed from cattle feces and urine. Agricultural bioindustry can be carried out in all areas of North Sulawesi Province, because almost in every district has beef cattle and cassava plants. The largest cassava production in North Sulawesi Province are in the regencies of Bolaang Mongondow, Sangihe Island and Talaud Island. Whereas the highest population of beef cattle are in the regencies of Bolaang Mongondow, North Bolaang Mongondow, Minahasa, North Minahasa and South Minahasa. Therefore, this type of bioindustry will be well implemented in the three regencies of Bolaang Mongondow, Minahasa and North Minahasa, as there are large cassava plants and with a high livestock population in these three areas. Although numbers of beef cattle population are also higher in some other regencies, but the production of cassava in those areas are still very small

Stomatal Conductance and Chlorophyll Characteristics and Their Relationship with Yield of Some Cocoa Clones Under Tectona Grandis, Leucaena SP., and Cassia Surattensis.

An optimum physiological condition will support high yield and quality of cocoa production. The research was aimed to study the effects of stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content related to cocoa production under three shade regimes.This research was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station, elevation of 45 m above sea level with D climate type based on Schmidt & Fergusson. Cocoa trees which were planted in 1994 at a spacing of 3 X 3 m were used in the study planted by using split plot design. The shade tree species were teak (Tectona grandis), krete (Cassiasurattensis), and lamtoro (Leucaena sp.) as the main plots, and cocoa clones of Sulawesi 01,Sulawesi 02, KKM 22 and KW 165 as sub plots. This study showed that there was interaction between cocoa clone and shade species for stomatal conductance where stomatal diffusive resistance of KKM 22 was the best under Leucaena sp.and Cassiasurattensis with the values of 1.38 and 1.34 s.cm -1, respectively. The highest chlorophyll content, stomatal index and transpiration values was under Leucaena sp. shade. There was positive correlation between chlorophyll content and transpiration with pod yield of cocoa. The highest yield and the lowest bean count wereobtainedon Sulawesi 01 clone under Leucaenasp. shade

Drought Resistance Analysis of the North Sulawesi Local Rice Based on the Root Characters Nio Song Ai, Ludong Daniel Peter Mantilen

Rice is one of the important staple foods in Indonesia with carbohydrate as its major component. Rice germplasm is so diverse in Indonesia including in North Sulawesi Province, which has 4 local rice cultivars, i.e Superwin, Ombong, Temo and Burungan. Regarding with the food security program in this province as well as in Indonesia, a study was conducted to evaluate root characters (the number of adventitious roots, maximum root length, root dry mass, root:shoot ratio, the number of hardpan penetrated roots) as response to drought in these North-Sulawesi local rice cultivars grown in the soil mixture at the vegetative phase. The drought treatment consisted of three different intensities (watering until 100% field capacity/DA, watering until 50% field capacity/½TA and no watering/TA) for 2 weeks in the glasshouse experiment using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pots with 125 mm height and 60 mm diameter. In general, the drought treatment decreased the number of adventitious roots, root dry mass, and root:shoot ratio The roots of Temo and Burungan were able to penetrate the hardpan (mixture of paraffin and vaseline that was equal to 12 bar hardness) under drought, but the capacities were low. Based on the root characters, Temo and Burungan had higher drought resistance than the other cultivars. The results of this research enriched the information of drought resistant rice selection that was easy, cheap and fast in the plant breeding program in North Sulawesi

Sulsel: dimensi sosial-budaya untuk pariwisata

Ada tiga bahasa daerah yang memiliki penutur yang besar di Sulawesi Selatan, yaitu bahasa Bugi. , bahasa Makassar dan bahasa Toraja. Sebelum Sulawesi Selatan dimekarkan menjadi dua Provinsi, sekarang menjadi Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Provinsi Sulawesi Barat, ada empat bahasa besar di Sulawesi Selatan ketika itu, namun sekarang bahasa Mandar sepenuhnya digunakan sebagai bahasa daerah di Provinsi Sulawesi Barat

Yield Performance of Locally Selected Cocoa Clones in North Luwu

Participatory selection in North Luwu District selected some locally cocoa clones, of which MCC 01 and MCC 02 the most promising to be developed as clonal material. This research has objectives to observe the stability performance of yield of these clones that enable be characterized of the potency as the basis for recommendation. Observation were carried out in 35 selected-farms be differentiated according to clone\u27s type, namely MCC 01, MCC 02 and Sulawesi 01 (control) and the year of planting (age). These farms were establised at the main area of cocoa in North Luwu. The assessed variables were the number of pod, yield components, the resistance to cocoa pod borer (CPB), vascular-streak dieback (VSD) and phytophthora pod rot (PPR). Data were recorded through 20 sampled-trees per farm in the period of April 2013 to April 2014 with monthly basis assessment. Data were analyzed refer to Eberhart & Russel method to perform stability parameters of the yield. The results indicate that these clones stable performing yield potency among plant age. MCC 01 and MCC 02 performed yield potency in amount of 3,682 kg/ha and 3,132 kg/ha respectively higher than Sulawesi 01 of 2,772 kg/ha. Evaluation of the resistance, MCC 01 having moderate resistance to CPB and VSD and resistance to PPR, however MCC 02 having resistance to CPB, VSD and PPR. Referring to the potency thus MCC 01 and MCC 02 were legally recommended as clonal material for farmers, restricted at the agroclimatic area similar to the condition in North Luwu

Relationship Between Physiological Characteristic and Bean Quality on Some Cocoa Clones (Theobroma Cacao L.)

Photosynthesis is one of the physiological process that influence the bean weight and this process related with the efectiveness of the stomata character and chlorophyll content in the leaves. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Research Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Design of experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisted of six clones as treatment were Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, Sca 6, ICS 60, TSH 858, ICCRI 03, PA 300. Each treatment was replicated three times. Stomata resistance diffusion, tranpiration,the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total (a+b), bean number and bean weight were observed. The resuts of experiment showed that difference in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total (a+b), stomata resistance diffusion, bean number and bean weight existed within six clones tested. Transpiration rate did not show the significantly different between six clones tested. Sulawesi 1 showed the highest content of chlorophyll a and ICS 60 and ICCRI 03 showed higher content of chlorophyll b than the other clones. Chlorophyll a, b and total (a+b) showed positively influence on bean number and bean weight. Transpiration rate had negatively influence to bean number per pod, on the otherhand it showed positively influence to bean weight. Chlorophyll total (a+b) showed high genetic variance (σg2), high phenotypic variance (σf2) and high estimated value of heritability (H). The chlorophyll a,b had moderate genetic variance, moderate phenotypic variance and high of estimated value of heritability. Chlorophyll total (a+b) could be used a selection criteria based on the value of correlation, genetic variance, phenotypic variance and estimated value of heritability would give high opportunity in selection process

Kebijakan Fiskal Menurut Fungsi Di Regional Sulawesi Dan Nusa Tenggara Timur

Studi kebijakan fiskal dilakukan pada 81 Kabupaten, 12 Kota dan 7 Provinsi yang ada di regional Provinsi Sulawesi serta Nusa Tenggara Timur. Belanja pegawai terendah adalah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan sebesar 27 persen dan tertinggi adalah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Pemerintah Provinsi yang memperhatikan Alokasi pengeluaran untuk pembangunan ekonomi rangking pertama ditempati Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan yang terakhir adalah Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. Untuk alokasi parasarana Umum Sulawesi Selatan menempati rangking pertama dan yang terakhir adalah Provinsi Gorontalo. Pembangunan Perumahan dan Fasilitas Umum Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara menempati urutan pertama dan terakhir Provinsi Gorontal