Guatemala: An Intercultural Perspective

In July 2001, a group of 14 bilingual/ESL educators from Illinois traveled to Guatemala as participants in a Fulbright-Hays Group Projects Aborad Program. The main purpose of the trip was to enhance the quality and quantity of intercultural education in K-12 schools, using Guatemala as a case study. The group, 12 bilingual/ESL teachers and the authors of this article, spent five weeks in Guatemala studying and working in bilingual schools in the Guatemalan highlands

Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Cats During Anesthesia and Effect of Omeprazole on Gastric pH.

BackgroundGastroesophageal reflux (GER) is poorly characterized in anesthetized cats, but can cause aspiration pneumonia, esophagitis, and esophageal stricture formation.ObjectiveTo determine whether pre-anesthetic orally administered omeprazole increases gastric and esophageal pH and increases serum gastrin concentrations in anesthetized cats, and to determine the prevalence of GER using combined multichannel impedance and pH monitoring.AnimalsTwenty-seven healthy cats undergoing elective dental procedures.MethodsProspective, double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Cats were randomized to receive 2 PO doses of omeprazole (1.45-2.20 mg/kg) or an empty gelatin capsule placebo 18-24 hours and 4 hours before anesthetic induction. Blood for measurement of serum gastrin concentration was collected during anesthetic induction. An esophageal pH/impedance catheter was utilized to continuously measure esophageal pH and detect GER throughout anesthesia.ResultsMean gastric pH in the cats that received omeprazole was 7.2 ± 0.4 (range, 6.6-7.8) and was significantly higher than the pH in cats that received the placebo 2.8 ± 1.0 (range, 1.3-4.1; P < .001). Omeprazole administration was not associated with a significant increase in serum gastrin concentration (P = .616). Nine of 27 cats (33.3%) had ≥1 episode of GER during anesthesia.Conclusions and clinical relevancePre-anesthetic administration of 2 PO doses of omeprazole at a dosage of 1.45-2.20 mg/kg in cats was associated with a significant increase in gastric and esophageal pH within 24 hours, but was not associated with a significant increase in serum gastrin concentration. Prevalence of reflux events in cats during anesthesia was similar to that of dogs during anesthesia

SOME MAJOR ISSUES AFFECTING MINNESOTA'S COMPETITIVE POSITION IN UNITED STATES AND WORLD DAIRY MARKETS

Livestock Production/Industries,

Functional bowel disease : a challenging frontier in gastroenterology

The last 30 years have seen incredible advances in the science and practice of gastroenterology and hepatology. In the 1970s, the fiberoptic endoscopic revolution facilitated the visualization of the mucosa of a large segment of the gastrointestinal tract and afforded the opportunity for specialized studies using histological and biochemical analyses. The impact of fiberoptic endoscopy on surveillance or screening for cancer of the colon will be more apparent in the next millennium. Novel pharmacological approaches have had a dramatic impact on gastroenterology.peer-reviewe

Outward FDI and domestic input distortions: evidence from Chinese Firms

Session 5: 3-A (Invited)This paper studies how discriminations against private enterprises (i.e., non-state-owned enterprises or non-SOEs) in the domestic market affect .rms. investment and production strategies abroad. We first document three puzzling empirical findings using data on Chinese multinational companies (MNCs). First, private MNCs are less productive than state-owned MNCs. Second, SOEs are less likely to undertake FDI. Third, relative size of state-owned MNCs (compared with non-exporting or non-FDI firms) is larger than that of private MNCs. A theoretical model is built to rationalize these facts. The economic force is that distortions in the domestic input market incentivize private firms to invest and produce abroad, which results in less tougher self-selection into FDI for those .rms. Compared with state-owned MNCs, private MNCs allocate output disproportionately more in the foreign market, and their size increases disproportionately when they become MNCs. All such theoretical pre- dictions are strongly supported by the firm-level data of China.postprin

Estimating the Black Economy through Monetary Approach: A Case Study of Pakistan

In the recent years, the ‘black economy’ has held enormous appeal for policy makers. Presence of black economy creates critical misrepresentation of macroeconomic variables in official estimates that lead to the false determination and delusional impact of economic policies. Similarly, black economy represents the unrecorded potential of the economy vis-à-vis resource generation and mobilization. The Economy of Pakistan underwent several minor tax reforms since 1960’s. However, the tax and tariff reform of 1990’s, committed under international pressure, was the first comprehensive exercise and therefore it becomes highly desirable to gauge its impact on the black economy and tax evasion practices. This paper, with some modifications, uses the standard monetary approach to obtain the latest estimates of the size of black economy and its macroeconomic implications thereof.

A fully Automatic Infrared Induction Cleaning Device for Public Toilets

In view of the hygienic condition and cleaning requirements of public toilets, a practical quotautomatic infrared induction toilet cleaning devicequot has been designed to change the cleaning method of cleaners to the bathroom, which can further reduce the workload of cleaners and saving water resources

Trade Negotiations on Temporary Movement of Natural Persons: A Strategy Paper for Bangladesh

This research paper examines Bangladesh's opportunities as regards GATS Mode 4, particularly in the area of export of manpower, and provides a negotiating strategy that would be helpful for the policymakers. Evaluating the demographic trends in the European countries, the authors argue that Bangladesh can generate significant gains through TMNP by utilising the special treatment that has been accorded to LDCs in the recent WTO meetings. The distinguishing feature of the article is that it mapped the classes of manpower with various ISCO-88 categories, and classified Bangladesh's export interests under three broad groups. Such an approach, first ever used in Bangladesh, is believed to assist the policymakers to identify Bangladesh's areas of interests and articulate their stance accordingly to ensure maximum gains from future negotiationsTrade Negotiations, Bangladesh