Patents, Citations and Innovations: Tracing the Links

The goal is to tackle anew the main problems encountered in using patent data in economic research, namely, the large variance in the value of patents, and the difficulties in matching patents with economic categories. The first is addressed with the aid of patent citations, the second with computerized search techniques for large databases. The proposed solutions are applied to the case of Computed Tomography (CT) Scanners, a pathbreaking innovation in medical technology. The main findings are that patents weighted by citations are highly correlated with the value of innovations, and that important innovations generate further innovative activity (R&D), and hence bring about down-the-line patents.

Novel data structure and visualization tool for studying technology evolution based on patent information: The DTFootprint and the TechSpectrogram

We introduce a new, bespoke data structure to analyze and visualize the evolution of a technology. The technology under analysis is defined by a set of patents corresponding to a technical field, owned by a company or invented by a team of research. Our data structure, the Dynamic Technology Footprint –DTFootprint–, facilitates the analysis and visualization of trends and dynamics of a given technology, and therefore the evolution of a technical field, a company, or a team of people. A graphical tool based on our data structure is defined, it is named Technology Spectrogram –TechSpectrogram–, because it is inspired by the acoustic frequency spectrograms: as the acoustic frequency spectrograms visualize the dynamics of an acoustic wave showing the evolution of its frequency components our tool shows the dynamics of a technology showing the evolution of its technological components, which are represented by the whole set of IPC-codes. Our graphical tool, the TechSpectrogram is shown for some study cases, and its application to the history of technology and technology management are disclosed

Predicting Technical Value Of Technologies Through Their Knowledge Structure

This thesis tests the hypothesis that the characteristics displayed by the knowledge structure of a high technical value invention is different from that of a low technical value invention. The knowledge structure crystalizes at the inception of the invention making it ideal for evaluating new inventions. More specifically, this research investigates two characteristics of the knowledge structure: knowledge accumulation and knowledge appropriation. Knowledge accumulation is defined as the collective body of knowledge gathered in a sector over time that has contributed to the creation of the invention. A higher degree of accumulated knowledge is more likely to be associated with high technical value inventions. Knowledge appropriation describes absorption of knowledge in the creation of the invention. From knowledge structure perspective knowledge absorption is observed by the emergence of edges that connect knowledge elements together. The robustness of this emergent knowledge structure is thus an indicator of the amount of knowledge appropriated by the invention. This research introduces a new metric for the measurement of knowledge accumulation and presents structural robustness as an indicator of knowledge appropriation. Knowledge accumulation and knowledge appropriation are hypothesized to be positively correlated with the technical value of the invention. This research tests the hypotheses by examining the citation networks of patents in four sectors: thin film photovoltaics, inductive vibration energy harvesting, piezoelectric energy harvesting, and carbon nanotubes. In total 152 base inventions and over 4000 patents are investigated. This research shows that knowledge accumulation is a significant predictor of the technical value of an invention and that high value inventions show a higher level of knowledge appropriation

Graphs behind data: A network-based approach to model different scenarios

openAl giorno d’oggi, i contesti che possono beneficiare di tecniche di estrazione della conoscenza a partire dai dati grezzi sono aumentati drasticamente. Di conseguenza, la definizione di modelli capaci di rappresentare e gestire dati altamente eterogenei è un argomento di ricerca molto dibattuto in letteratura. In questa tesi, proponiamo una soluzione per affrontare tale problema. In particolare, riteniamo che la teoria dei grafi, e più nello specifico le reti complesse, insieme ai suoi concetti ed approcci, possano rappresentare una valida soluzione. Infatti, noi crediamo che le reti complesse possano costituire un modello unico ed unificante per rappresentare e gestire dati altamente eterogenei. Sulla base di questa premessa, mostriamo come gli stessi concetti ed approcci abbiano la potenzialità di affrontare con successo molti problemi aperti in diversi contesti. ​Nowadays, the amount and variety of scenarios that can benefit from techniques for extracting and managing knowledge from raw data have dramatically increased. As a result, the search for models capable of ensuring the representation and management of highly heterogeneous data is a hot topic in the data science literature. In this thesis, we aim to propose a solution to address this issue. In particular, we believe that graphs, and more specifically complex networks, as well as the concepts and approaches associated with them, can represent a solution to the problem mentioned above. In fact, we believe that they can be a unique and unifying model to uniformly represent and handle extremely heterogeneous data. Based on this premise, we show how the same concepts and/or approach has the potential to address different open issues in different contexts. ​INGEGNERIA DELL'INFORMAZIONEopenVirgili, Luc

Three Essays on external economy of propulsive industry: focuses on Korean renewable energy industry

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 공과대학 에너지시스템공학부, 2017. 8. 허은녕.This study analyzed the characteristics of propulsive industry and externalities of propulsive industry. To examine them, this study focused on the case of the renewable energy industry of Korea as an example of a propulsive industry. Propulsive industry is defined as a set of firms or an industry which produce substitutable goods or services which significantly influence economic growth and change. The most important feature of the propulsive industry is its high externality. Externalities can be divided into pecuniary externality and technological externality. Through these externalities, the propulsive industry contributes to economic growth. Therefore, in order to investigate whether the renewable energy industry of Korea is a propulsive industry, the following three parts of the empirical analysis were conducted in this study. The first empirical analysis examined the technological externalities of renewable energy and the resource development industry. Except technologies related to solar thermal and hydro energy, renewable energy technologies have shown a higher degree of spillover of knowledge in other fields, although it is lower than those of resource development technologies. The second empirical analysis examined the pecuniary externalities of the renewable energy industry and the resource development industry. The output multiplier of the renewable energy industry in Korea is higher than the average of all industries, and the economic impact of the resource development industry is rather low. In particular, the output multiplier of the renewable energy industry is gradually increasing. From the value-added multiplier perspective, the renewable energy industry has a somewhat lower value-added effect than the average of all industries. Regarding employment multipliers, the renewable energy and resource development industries have a somewhat lower employment inducement effect than the average of all industries. The third empirical analysis examined the source of value-added change from the renewable energy industry. The renewable energy industrys contribution to the increase of national income is still low compared to other industries. The most significant effect of value added due to the diffusion of renewable energy is the change in the structure of the renewable energy industry, accounting for 61.60%. The second most contributing factor is the increase in the intensity of value added, which accounts for approximately 24.37% of the effect. In summary, the renewable energy industry has higher technological externality and pecuniary externality. And value added from Korea's renewable energy supply is still low but is steadily increasing due to the change of its production technology. Consequently, if the renewable energy industry continues to grow, it is expected to play a role as a propulsive industry.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1.Research background 1 1.2.Renewable energy industry in Korea 7 Chapter 2. Technological externality of renewable energy technology and resource development technology 14 2.1.Introduction 14 2.2.Literature reviews 17 2.3.Methodology 18 2.3.1. Patent citation information 20 2.3.2. DEMATEL 23 2.4.Empirical analysis 30 2.4.1. Analysis flow 30 2.4.2. Data 32 2.4.3. Results 41 2.5.Conclusion and discussion 63 Chapter 3. Pecuniary externality of the renewable energy industry and resource development industry 67 3.1.Introduction 67 3.2.Literature reviews 69 3.3.Methodology 74 3.3.1. Input-output analysis 74 3.3.2. Indicators to measure intersectoral linkages 91 3.3.3. New Industry Impacts in the Input–Output Model 97 3.4.Empirical analysis 100 3.4.1. Data 100 3.4.2. Analysis flow 102 3.4.3. Results 103 3.5.Conclusion and discussion 158 Chapter 4. Source of value-added change from renewable energy industry 162 4.1.Introduction 162 4.2.Literature review 164 4.2.1. GDP and renewable energy 164 4.2.2. Counting value added 165 4.2.3. Structural Decomposition analysis 167 4.3.Methodology 170 4.3.1. Value-added structural decomsition analysis 170 4.3.2. RAS Decomposition analysis 172 4.4.Empirical analysis 183 4.4.1. Data 183 4.4.2. Results 184 4.5.Conclusion and discussion 192 Chapter 5. Conclusion 195 Bibliography 201Docto

Why did video screens get slimmer? A study of the role of Intellectual Property in the commercial development of organic light-emitting diodes

PhDThis research project consists of a critical analysis of the role of intellectual property amongst other factors in the successful commercial development at the Cavendish Laboratory of optoelectronic light emitting diode display devices based on novel organic semiconductor materials. It begins by giving the background to the quantum mechanical properties upon which the technology is based, followed by a discussion of the path of innovation, describing the interaction between the different socioeconomic factors that influence this path. It then draws an analogy with the development of an analogous technology - inorganic semiconductors - to signpost the factors that may affect the developmental history of the technology. This is followed by an analysis of a chronology derived initially from patents downloaded from the World Patents Database of the European Patent Office to showcase the technology’s development steps, and to study the patenting strategy of Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) - the company that was set up to commercialise the novel technology - through a patent trends analysis. From that, the major socioeconomic factors critical to the technology’s development are analysed, followed by a test and extension of an existing Black Box mathematical model for studying the dynamics of innovation that is based on the interaction of those factors. Finally, through a patent citation analysis, CDT’s commercial strategy for the technology is shown as being based on its patents portfolio to build an extensive licensing programme that pooled major academic, industry and commercial partners for the furtherance of the technology. This later evolved into a new ecosystem for the innovation, of which CDT occupied a central and indispensable position

Statistical studies of patents literature

This study has been undertaken to determine what pseudo-proprietary information and patenting activity statistics could be derived from an online patents database. To achieve this, a thorough investigation uas made of patenting in the field of an important group of beta-lactam antibiotics, the. Cephalosporins. Patents data was retrieved from the World Patents Index online files of Derwent Publications Limited, and the bibliographic details of each patent application retrieved analysed according to numbers of patents per patentee, priority and publication dates, types of patents, etc. A review of technological advances in this subject was conducted, demonstrating the value of patents literature for such purposes. The relationship between sales volumes and patenting activity for Cephalosporins patentees has been investigated and found to show a. significant correlation between these parameters. As an extension, the USA patenting and sales activity for the leading USA Industrial Corporations (the 1981 Fortune 500) was studied; overall a high correlation was exhibited, but there were notable differences. between different industries. A number of bibliometric studies have been undertaken with a variety of patents data. for a number of techhologies. These studies include the application of Bradford-Zipf plots, other productivity studies and Vector Analysis to patents. Whilst previous studies on journal literature have investigated the applicability of frequency distributions as measures of author productivity, this study has for the first time applied Lotka's Law, Price's Pareto-type Distribution, Simon-Yule Distribution, Shockley's Lognormal Distribution, Borel-Tanner Distribution, Williams Geometric Series, Fisher's Logarithmic Series and the Negative Binomial Distribution to patents data. Theoretical distributions were ascertained using a series of microcomputer programs written in BASIC programming' language. The results indicate that of the distributions investigated, the Negative Binomial most closely fits the observed data when goodness-offit is measured by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test