On the variation of the Nimbus 7 total solar irradiance

For the interval December 1978 to April 1991, the value of the mean total solar irradiance, as measured by the Nimbus-7 Earth Radiation Budget Experiment channel 10C, was 1,372.02 Wm(exp -2), having a standard deviation of 0.65 Wm(exp -2), a coefficient of variation (mean divided by the standard deviation) of 0.047 percent, and a normal deviate z (a measure of the randomness of the data) of -8.019 (inferring a highly significant non-random variation in the solar irradiance measurements, presumably related to the action of the solar cycle). Comparison of the 12-month moving average (also called the 13-month running mean) of solar irradiance to those of the usual descriptors of the solar cycle (i.e., sunspot number, 10.7-cm solar radio flux, and total corrected sunspot area) suggests possibly significant temporal differences. For example, solar irradiance is found to have been greatest on or before mid 1979 (leading solar maximum for cycle 21), lowest in early 1987 (lagging solar minimum for cycle 22), and was rising again through late 1990 (thus, lagging solar maximum for cycle 22), having last reported values below those that were seen in 1979 (even though cycles 21 and 22 were of comparable strength). Presuming a genuine correlation between solar irradiance and the solar cycle (in particular, sunspot number) one infers that the correlation is weak (having a coefficient of correlation r less than 0.84) and that major excursions (both as 'excesses' and 'deficits') have occurred (about every 2 to 3 years, perhaps suggesting a pulsating Sun)

Comparison of the Variations of Sunspot Number, Number of Sunspot Groups, and Sunspot Area, 1875 -2013

Examined are the yearly variations and ratios of sunspot number, the number of sunspot groups, and the total corrected sunspot area for the interval 1875-2013. While yearly sunspot number independently correlates strongly (r = 0.98) with the yearly number of sunspot groups (y = -2 + 11.99x) and the total corrected sunspot area (y = 5 + 0.059x), the strongest correlation (Ry12 = 0.99) is the one based on the bivariate fit of sunspot number against the combined variations of the number of sunspot groups and sunspot area (y = 1 + 5.88x1 + 0.031x2, where y refers to sunspot number, x1 refers to the number of sunspot groups, and x2 refers to the sunspot area). While all cycle minima based on the bivariate fit are concurrent with the observed minimum in sunspot number, cycle maxima are sometimes found to differ. For sunspot cycles 12, 19, 20, and 23, cycle maximum is inferred to have occurred in 1884, 1958, 1970, and 2002, respectively, rather than in 1883, 1957, 1968, and 2000, based on the observed sunspot number. Also, cycle 19's maximum amplitude based on observed sunspot number seems too high in comparison to that found using the bivariate fit. During the 139-year interval 1875-2013, the difference between the observed and predicted sunspot number based on the bivariate fit is <1 standard error of estimate (se) (<6.4) for 111 years, between 1 and <2 se (6.4 to <12.8) for 28 years, and 2 se (12.8) for only 4 years, these years being 1957 (16.6), 1978 (-15.8), 1980 (23), and 1982 (-16.3). For sunspot cycle 24, the difference between observed and predicted values has been only -0.7 and 3.2 (0.5 se)

Estimating the Length of the North Atlantic Basin Hurricane Season

For the interval 1945-2011, the length of the hurricane season in the North Atlantic basin averages about 130 +/- 42 days (the +/-1 standard deviation interval), having a range of 47 to 235 days. Runs-testing reveals that the annual length of season varies nonrandomly at the 5% level of significance. In particular, its trend, as described using 10-yr moving averages, generally has been upward since about 1979, increasing from about 113 to 157 days (in 2003). Based on annual values, one finds a highly statistically important inverse correlation at the 0.1% level of significance between the length of season and the occurrence of the first storm day of the season. For the 2012 hurricane season, based on the reported first storm day of May 19, 2012 (i.e., DOY = 140), the inferred preferential regression predicts that the length of the current season likely will be about 173 +/- 23 days, suggesting that it will end about November 8 +/- 23 days, with only about a 5% chance that it will end either before about September 23, 2012 or after about December 24, 2012

Spartan Daily, February 2, 1987

Volume 88, Issue 5https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/7531/thumbnail.jp

Implementation of Transformational Leadership on Lecturer Satisfaction and Performance in FKIP Darma Agung University Medan

Implementation of transformational leadership to job satisfaction and lecturer performance at FKIP Darma Agung University Medan is very necessary to be done by a leader in an institution or organization. Research on the implementation of transformational leadership on job satisfaction and lecturer performance at FKIP Darma Agung University  Medan has been conducted. This research is in the form of an empirical study at FKIP Darma Agung University Medan. The purpose of this study is to look at the implementation of transformational leadership on job satisfaction and lecturer performance at FKIP Darma Agung University Medan. From the results of the study, the role of transformational leadership becomes very important in the success of an organization for the performance of its subordinates. This research is in the form of a descriptive study with a sample of 60 permanent lecturers from FKIP Darma Agung University Medan. The technique used in conducting this research was to give a questionnaire to all respondents to be filled and collected. From the results of tabulation of research data on work satisfaction indicators obtained by 81.36% and for performance indicators obtained by 82.40%. From the results of this study, it was concluded that the implementation of transformational leadership on job satisfaction and lecturer performance at FKIP Darma Agung University  Medan was very good.Keywords: implementation of transformational leadership, job satisfaction and performance.DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-19-10Publication date:July 31st 202

The Effect of Transformational Leadership on Work Satisfaction and Performance in STKIP Riama Medan

Transformational leadership on job satisfaction and performance at the STKIP Riama Medan really needs to be done by a leader in an institution or organization. Research on transformational leadership on job satisfaction and performance at the STKIP Riama Medan has been carried out. This research is an empirical study at STKIP Riama Medan. The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of transformational leadership style on job satisfaction and performance on STKIP Riama Medan. From the results of the study, the role of transformational leadership is very important in the success of an organization for the performance of its subordinates. This research was in the form of a descriptive study with a sample of all 60 permanent lecturers at STKIP Riama Medan. The technique carried out in the implementation of this research is to provide questionnaires to all respondents to be filled out and collected. From the results of the tabulation of research data on job satisfaction indicators obtained by 79.15% and the performance indicators obtained at 80.19%. From the results of this study, it was concluded that transformational leadership on job satisfaction and performance at STKIP Riama Medan was good.Keywords: transformational leadership, job satisfaction and performance.DOI: 10.7176/JEP/10-18-05 Publication date:June 30th 201

Performance Evaluation in Management Implementation Through Work Ethos, Work Motivation, and Work Discipline on Stkip Riama Medan

Performance evaluation in management implementation through work ethic, work motivation, and work discipline in STKIP Riama Medan is very necessary to be done by a leader in an institution or organization. Research on evaluation of management implementation through work ethic, work motivation, and work discipline at STKIP Riama Medan has been done. This research is an empirical study on STKIP Riama Medan. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of management on work ethic, work motivation, and work discipline in STKIP Riama Medan. From the research results, the role of the leader becomes very important in the success of an organization for work ethic, work motivation, and work discipline from subordinates. This research is a descriptive research with sample of all lecturers STKIP Riama Medan as many as 60 people. Technique conducted in the implementation of this research is to give a questionnaire to all respondents to be filled. From result of tabulation of research data to work ethics indicator is obtained equal to 91,25%, to work motivation indicator obtained equal to 92,78%, and to work discipline indicator obtained equal to 93,33%. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the evaluation of management implementation through work ethic indicators, work motivation, and work discipline on STKIP Riama Medan is very good. Keywords: Evaluation, Management Implementation, Work Ethic, Work Motivation, and Work Discipline

Performance Evaluation in Management Implementation Through Work Ethic, Work Motivation, and Work Discipline in FKIP Darma Agung University Medan

Performance evaluation in management implementation through work ethic, work motivation, and work discipline at the FKIP Darma Agung University Medan really needs to be done by a leader in an institution or organization. Research on the evaluation of management implementation through work ethic, work motivation, and work discipline at the FKIP Darma Agung University Medan has been carried out. This research is an empirical study at the FKIP Darma Agung University Medan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of management on work ethic, work motivation, and work discipline in the FKIP Darma Agung University Medan. From the research results, the role of leaders is very important in the success of an organization for the work ethic, work motivation, and work discipline of their subordinates. This research is a descriptive study with a sample of all 70 permanent lecturers of the FKIP Darma Agung University Medan. The technique used in the implementation of this research is to provide a questionnaire to all respondents to fill out. From the tabulation of research data on the work ethic indicator it was obtained 92.50%, the work motivation indicator was 93.81%, and the work discipline indicator obtained was 94.29%. From the results obtained, some conclusions can be drawn that the evaluation of management implementation through indicators of work ethic, work motivation, and work discipline at FKIP Darma Agung University Medan is very good. Keywords: Evaluation, Management Implementation, Work Ethic, Work Motivation, and Work Discipline.DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-30-07Publication date:October 31st 202

Statistical aspects of solar flares

A survey of the statistical properties of 850 H alpha solar flares during 1975 is presented. Comparison of the results found here with those reported elsewhere for different epochs is accomplished. Distributions of rise time, decay time, and duration are given, as are the mean, mode, median, and 90th percentile values. Proportions by selected groupings are also determined. For flares in general, mean values for rise time, decay time, and duration are 5.2 + or - 0.4 min, and 18.1 + or 1.1 min, respectively. Subflares, accounting for nearly 90 percent of the flares, had mean values lower than those found for flares of H alpha importance greater than 1, and the differences are statistically significant. Likewise, flares of bright and normal relative brightness have mean values of decay time and duration that are significantly longer than those computed for faint flares, and mass-motion related flares are significantly longer than non-mass-motion related flares. Seventy-three percent of the mass-motion related flares are categorized as being a two-ribbon flare and/or being accompanied by a high-speed dark filament. Slow rise time flares (rise time greater than 5 min) have a mean value for duration that is significantly longer than that computed for fast rise time flares, and long-lived duration flares (duration greater than 18 min) have a mean value for rise time that is significantly longer than that computed for short-lived duration flares, suggesting a positive linear relationship between rise time and duration for flares. Monthly occurrence rates for flares in general and by group are found to be linearly related in a positive sense to monthly sunspot number. Statistical testing reveals the association between sunspot number and numbers of flares to be significant at the 95 percent level of confidence, and the t statistic for slope is significant at greater than 99 percent level of confidence. Dependent upon the specific fit, between 58 percent and 94 percent of the variation can be accounted for with the linear fits. A statistically significant Northern Hemisphere flare excess (P less than 1 percent) was found, as was a Western Hemisphere excess (P approx 3 percent). Subflares were more prolific within 45 deg of central meridian (P less than 1 percent), while flares of H alpha importance or = 1 were more prolific near the limbs greater than 45 deg from central meridian; P approx 2 percent). Two-ribbon flares were more frequent within 45 deg of central meridian (P less than 1 percent). Slow rise time flares occurred more frequently in the western hemisphere (P approx 2 percent), as did short-lived duration flares (P approx 9 percent), but fast rise time flares were not preferentially distributed (in terms of east-west or limb-disk). Long-lived duration flares occurred more often within 45 deg 0 central meridian (P approx 7 percent). Mean durations for subflares and flares of H alpha importance or + 1, found within 45 deg of central meridian, are 14 percent and 70 percent, respectively, longer than those found for flares closer to the limb. As compared to flares occurring near cycle maximum, the flares of 1975 (near solar minimum) have mean values of rise time, decay time, and duration that are significantly shorter. A flare near solar maximum, on average, is about 1.6 times longer than one occurring near solar minimum

Arbitral Decisions: A Social Science Analog

This paper develops the idea that arbitral decision making has an analog in social science research.1 It asserts that the hypothesis testing procedure in social sciences is directly analogous to the arbitral process. The research format of an economist, sociologist, or psychologist might be as follows: 1. Generate the null (H.) and alternate (H) hypotheses to be tested. 2. Collect reliable and valid data relative to the hypothesis. 3. Evaluate and analyze this data by subjecting it to statistical tests. 4. Arrive at conclusions by accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis after statistical testing. 5. Explain and discuss finding