3 research outputs found
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Nonconvex Recovery of Low-complexity Models
Today we are living in the era of big data, there is a pressing need for efficient, scalable and robust optimization methods to analyze the data we create and collect. Although Convex methods offer tractable solutions with global optimality, heuristic nonconvex methods are often more attractive in practice due to their superior efficiency and scalability. Moreover, for better representations of the data, the mathematical model we are building today are much more complicated, which often results in highly nonlinear and nonconvex optimizations problems. Both of these challenges require us to go beyond convex optimization. While nonconvex optimization is extraordinarily successful in practice, unlike convex optimization, guaranteeing the correctness of nonconvex methods is notoriously difficult. In theory, even finding a local minimum of a general nonconvex function is NP-hard β nevermind the global minimum.
This thesis aims to bridge the gap between practice and theory of nonconvex optimization, by developing global optimality guarantees for nonconvex problems arising in real-world engineering applications, and provable, efficient nonconvex optimization algorithms. First, this thesis reveals that for certain nonconvex problems we can construct a model specialized initialization that is close to the optimal solution, so that simple and efficient methods provably converge to the global solution with linear rate. These problem include sparse basis learning and convolutional phase retrieval. In addition, the work has led to the discovery of a broader class of nonconvex problems β the so-called ridable saddle functions. Those problems possess characteristic structures, in which (i) all local minima are global, (ii) the energy landscape does not have any ''flat'' saddle points. More interestingly, when data are large and random, this thesis reveals that many problems in the real world are indeed ridable saddle, those problems include complete dictionary learning and generalized phase retrieval. For each of the aforementioned problems, the benign geometric structure allows us to obtain global recovery guarantees by using efficient optimization methods with arbitrary initialization
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When Are Nonconvex Optimization Problems Not Scary?
Nonconvex optimization is NP-hard, even the goal is to compute a local minimizer. In applied disciplines, however, nonconvex problems abound, and simple algorithms, such as gradient descent and alternating direction, are often surprisingly effective. The ability of simple algorithms to find high-quality solutions for practical nonconvex problems remains largely mysterious.
This thesis focuses on a class of nonconvex optimization problems which CAN be solved to global optimality with polynomial-time algorithms. This class covers natural nonconvex formulations of central problems in signal processing, machine learning, and statistical estimation, such as sparse dictionary learning (DL), generalized phase retrieval (GPR), and orthogonal tensor decomposition. For each of the listed problems, the nonconvex formulation and optimization lead to novel and often improved computational guarantees.
This class of nonconvex problems has two distinctive features: (i) All local minimizer are also global. Thus obtaining any local minimizer solves the optimization problem; (ii) Around each saddle point or local maximizer, the function has a negative directional curvature. In other words, around these points, the Hessian matrices have negative eigenvalues. We call smooth functions with these two properties (qualitative) X functions, and derive concrete quantities and strategy to help verify the properties, particularly for functions with random inputs or parameters. As practical examples, we establish that certain natural nonconvex formulations for complete DL and GPR are X functions with concrete parameters.
Optimizing X functions amounts to finding any local minimizer. With generic initializations, typical iterative methods at best only guarantee to converge to a critical point that might be a saddle point or local maximizer. Interestingly, the X structure allows a number of iterative methods to escape from saddle points and local maximizers and efficiently find a local minimizer, without special initializations. We choose to describe and analyze the second-order trust-region method (TRM) that seems to yield the strongest computational guarantees. Intuitively, second-order methods can exploit Hessian to extract negative curvature directions around saddle points and local maximizers, and hence are able to successfully escape from the saddles and local maximizers of X functions. We state the TRM in a Riemannian optimization framework to cater to practical manifold-constrained problems. For DL and GPR, we show that under technical conditions, the TRM algorithm finds a global minimizer in a polynomial number of steps, from arbitrary initializations