10,148 research outputs found
On the Localized superluminal Solutions to the Maxwell Equations
In the first part of this article the various experimental sectors of physics
in which Superluminal motions seem to appear are briefly mentioned, after a
sketchy theoretical introduction. In particular, a panoramic view is presented
of the experiments with evanescent waves (and/or tunneling photons), and with
the "Localized superluminal Solutions" (SLS) to the wave equation, like the
so-called X-shaped waves. In the second part of this paper we present a series
of new SLSs to the Maxwell equations, suitable for arbitrary frequencies and
arbitrary bandwidths: some of them being endowed with finite total energy.
Among the others, we set forth an infinite family of generalizations of the
classic X-shaped wave; and show how to deal with the case of a dispersive
medium. Results of this kind may find application in other fields in which an
essential role is played by a wave-equation (like acoustics, seismology,
geophysics, gravitation, elementary particle physics, etc.). This e-print, in
large part a review, was prepared for the special issue on "Nontraditional
Forms of Light" of the IEEE JSTQE (2003); and a preliminary version of it
appeared as Report NSF-ITP-02-93 (KITP, UCSB; 2002). Further material can be
found in the recent e-prints arXiv:0708.1655v2 [physics.gen-ph] and
arXiv:0708.1209v1 [physics.gen-ph]. The case of the very interesting (and more
orthodox, in a sense) subluminal Localized Waves, solutions to the wave
equations, will be dealt with in a coming paper. [Keywords: Wave equation; Wave
propagation; Localized solutions to Maxwell equations; Superluminal waves;
Bessel beams; Limited-dispersion beams; Electromagnetic wavelets; X-shaped
waves; Finite-energy beams; Optics; Electromagnetism; Microwaves; Special
relativity]Comment: LaTeX paper of 37 pages, with 20 Figures in jpg [to be processed by
PDFlatex
The Nature of Time
A review of some basic facts of classical dynamics shows that time, or
precisely duration, is redundant as a fundamental concept. Duration and the
behaviour of clocks emerge from a timeless law that governs change.Comment: 9 pages, no figures. This article won the first prize awarded on 7th
March 2009 by the jury in the essay competition of the Foundational Questions
Institute (fqxi.org) on The Nature of Tim
Sources of Relativistic Jets in the Galaxy
Black holes of stellar mass and neutron stars in binary systems are first
detected as hard X-ray sources using high-energy space telescopes. Relativistic
jets in some of these compact sources are found by means of multiwavelength
observations with ground-based telescopes. The X-ray emission probes the inner
accretion disk and immediate surroundings of the compact object, whereas the
synchrotron emission from the jets is observed in the radio and infrared bands,
and in the future could be detected at even shorter wavelengths. Black-hole
X-ray binaries with relativistic jets mimic, on a much smaller scale, many of
the phenomena seen in quasars and are thus called microquasars. Because of
their proximity, their study opens the way for a better understanding of the
relativistic jets seen elsewhere in the Universe. From the observation of
two-sided moving jets it is inferred that the ejecta in microquasars move with
relativistic speeds similar to those believed to be present in quasars. The
simultaneous multiwavelength approach to microquasars reveals in short
timescales the close connection between instabilities in the accretion disk
seen in the X-rays, and the ejection of relativistic clouds of plasma observed
as synchrotron emission at longer wavelengths. Besides contributing to a deeper
comprehension of accretion disks and jets, microquasars may serve in the future
to determine the distances of jet sources using constraints from special
relativity, and the spin of black holes using general relativity.Comment: 39 pages, Tex, 8 figures, to appear in vol. 37 (1999) of Annual
Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysic
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