Sparse planar antenna array design for directional modulation

Directional modulation (DM) has been applied to sparse linear antenna arrays to increase security of signal transmission. In this work, we extend the DM design to sparse planar antenna arrays and provide the corresponding design formulations. In previous studies, group sparsity technique was used for sparse antenna array design, but no quantitative analyses were given. In this paper, both designs with and without group sparsity are provided, and the corresponding optimised antenna locations are shown explicitly. Design examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design