Space shift keying modulation for MIMO channels

In this thesis, we analyze modulation techniques that exploit multiple antennas in wireless communication. We first study the so-called spatial modulation (SM) technique for MIMO channels. Since the original SM detector is based on an ad hoc design, and only functions under some artificial assumptions about the channel, we derive the optimal detector for SM. The new detector performs significantly better than the original ({598} 4 dB gain), and we support our results by deriving a closed form expression for the average bit error probability. As well, we show that SM with the optimal detector achieves better performance gains ({598}1.5 - 3 dB) over popular multiple antenna systems. We then introduce space shift keying (SSK), a new modulation scheme based on the SM concept. SSK exploits fading in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels to provide better performance over conventional amplitude/phase modulation (APM) techniques. In SSK, only the antenna indices, and not the symbols themselves, relay information. This absence of symbol information eliminates the transceiver elements necessary for APM transmission and detection (such as coherent detectors). As well, the simplicity involved in modulation reduces detection complexity compared to that of SM, while achieving almost identical performance gains. Throughout the thesis, we illustrate SSK's strength by studying its interaction with the fading channel, and obtain tight upper bounds on bit error probability. To improve performance, adaptive forms of SSK are also presented, including a symbol design technique, and an antenna selection scheme. We also illustrate SSK's performance under channel estimation error, and spatial correlation. Analytical and simulation results show performance gains over APM systems (3 dB at a bit error rate of 10 -5 ), making SSK an interesting candidate for wireless applications. We then present SSK coded modulation (SSK-CM) to integrate coding for practical wireless systems. In particular, we present a bit interleaved CM (BICM) system using iterative decoding. We illustrate SSK-CM capacity improvements over APM, and derive upper bounds on SSK-CM's performance. We also analytically present SSK's coded diversity advantage over APM, where significant performance gains are observed (up to 9 dB), motivating SSK-CM's integration in future wireless standard

Comparative Analysis of Bit Error Rate and Outage Capacity for MIMO Space Time Trellis Coding

In this paper, we have first given brief introduction to Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) systems. After that different MIMO models and their capacity is discussed. We have compared bit error rate of different modulation techniques like Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation i.e. QAM 16, QAM 32, QAM 64 using Space Time Trellis Coding (STTC). The outage capacity and bit error rate of MIMO and MISO have also been compared. The Rank criterion is used for maximizing the rank of transmitting antennas matrix in STTC. The proposed technique increases spatial diversity and coding gain of MIMO channels

On the Performance of Space Shift Keying for Optical Wireless Communications

International audienceIn this paper, we study the performance of Space Shift Keying (SSK) modulation applied to optical wireless channels. The optical Multiple-Input-Single-Output (MISO) channel used here is obtained through measurements. The experimental setup consists of two lasers and an optical receiver. Using the channel measurements, the performance of SSK is compared to the Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) transmission case. We build upon a recent finding, obtained for a two-transmitter case, that power imbalance at the transmitters can enhance the performance of SSK, especially in highly correlated channels. It is found in this paper that SSK applied to real optical wireless channels outperforms SISO and Single-Input-Multiple-Output (SIMO) transmission if more than four optical transmitters are used. Furthermore, we show that Space Shift Keying can also exceed Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) setups which apply repetition coding as SSK exploits receive-diversity in a better way

Design guidelines for spatial modulation

A new class of low-complexity, yet energyefficient Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission techniques, namely the family of Spatial Modulation (SM) aided MIMOs (SM-MIMO) has emerged. These systems are capable of exploiting the spatial dimensions (i.e. the antenna indices) as an additional dimension invoked for transmitting information, apart from the traditional Amplitude and Phase Modulation (APM). SM is capable of efficiently operating in diverse MIMO configurations in the context of future communication systems. It constitutes a promising transmission candidate for large-scale MIMO design and for the indoor optical wireless communication whilst relying on a single-Radio Frequency (RF) chain. Moreover, SM may also be viewed as an entirely new hybrid modulation scheme, which is still in its infancy. This paper aims for providing a general survey of the SM design framework as well as of its intrinsic limits. In particular, we focus our attention on the associated transceiver design, on spatial constellation optimization, on link adaptation techniques, on distributed/ cooperative protocol design issues, and on their meritorious variants

A universal space-time architecture for multiple-antenna aided systems

In this tutorial, we first review the family of conventional multiple-antenna techniques, and then we provide a general overview of the recent concept of the powerful Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) family based on a universal Space-Time Shift Keying (STSK) philosophy. When appropriately configured, the proposed STSK scheme has the potential of outperforming conventional MIMO arrangements

Energy Efficient Transmission over Space Shift Keying Modulated MIMO Channels

Energy-efficient communication using a class of spatial modulation (SM) that encodes the source information entirely in the antenna indices is considered in this paper. The energy-efficient modulation design is formulated as a convex optimization problem, where minimum achievable average symbol power consumption is derived with rate, performance, and hardware constraints. The theoretical result bounds any modulation scheme of this class, and encompasses the existing space shift keying (SSK), generalized SSK (GSSK), and Hamming code-aided SSK (HSSK) schemes as special cases. The theoretical optimum is achieved by the proposed practical energy-efficient HSSK (EE-HSSK) scheme that incorporates a novel use of the Hamming code and Huffman code techniques in the alphabet and bit-mapping designs. Experimental studies demonstrate that EE-HSSK significantly outperforms existing schemes in achieving near-optimal energy efficiency. An analytical exposition of key properties of the existing GSSK (including SSK) modulation that motivates a fundamental consideration for the proposed energy-efficient modulation design is also provided

Single-RF spatial modulation requires single-carrier transmission: frequency-domain turbo equalization for dispersive channels

In this paper, we propose a broadband single-carrier (SC) spatial-modulation (SM) based multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) architecture relying on a soft-decision (SoD) frequency-domain equalization (FDE) receiver. We demonstrate that conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based broadband transmissions are not readily suitable for the single–radio frequency (RF) assisted SM-MIMO schemes, since this scheme does not exhibit any substantial performance advantage over single-antenna transmissions. To circumvent this limitation, a low-complexity soft-decision (SoD) FDE algorithm based on the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) criterion is invoked for our broadband SC-based SM-MIMO scheme, which is capable of operating in a strongly dispersive channel having a long channel impulse response (CIR) at a moderate decoding complexity. Furthermore, our SoD FDE attains a near-capacity performance with the aid of a three-stage concatenated SC-based SM architecture

OFDMA/SC-FDMA aided space-time shift keying for dispersive multi-user scenarios

Motivated by the recent concept of Space-Time Shift Keying (STSK) developed for achieving a flexible diversity versus multiplexing gain trade-off, we propose a novel Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)/Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) aided multi-user STSK scheme for frequency-selective channels. The proposed OFDMA/SC-FDMA STSK scheme is capable of providing an improved performance in dispersive channels, while supporting multiple users in a multiple antenna aided wireless system. Furthermore, the scheme has the inherent potential of benefitting from the low-complexity single-stream Maximum-likelihood (ML) detector. Both an uncoded and a sophisticated near-capacity coded OFDMA/SC-FDMA STSK scheme were studied and their performances were compared in multiuser wideband Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) scenarios. Explicitly, OFDMA/SC-FDMA aided STSK exhibits an excellent performance even in the presence of channel impairments due to the frequency-selectivity of wideband channels and proves to be a beneficial choice for high capacity multi-user MIMO systems

Space-Time-Frequency Shift Keying for Dispersive Channels

Inspired by the concept of the Space-Time Shift Keying (STSK) modulation, in this paper we proposed the Space-Frequency Shift Keying (SFSK) modulation as well as the Space-Time-Frequency Shift Keying (STFSK) concept which spreads the transmit signal not only across the space and time domains, but also the frequency domain. The performance of STSK modulation is degraded by about 2 dB, when the channel changes from uncorrelated frequency-flat fading to the frequency-selective environment of the 6-tap COST207 model. By contrast, as a benefit of Frequency Shift keying, the SFSK and STFSK schemes are capable of maintaining their performance also in frequency-selective fading environments. Finally, we demonstrate that the STSK and SFSK schemes constitute special cases of the STFSK modulatio