Solar thermal heating and cooling. A bibliography with abstracts

This bibliographic series cites and abstracts the literature and technical papers on the heating and cooling of buildings with solar thermal energy. Over 650 citations are arranged in the following categories: space heating and cooling systems; space heating and cooling models; building energy conservation; architectural considerations, thermal load computations; thermal load measurements, domestic hot water, solar and atmospheric radiation, swimming pools; and economics

DETERMINANTS OF RESIDENTIAL SPACE HEATING EXPENDITURES IN GERMANY

We first examine the determinants of household expenditures on space heating and hot water supply in Germany. A number of socio-economic characteristics of households are included along with building characteristics. Our analysis covers information on more than 12,000 households in Germany for the years 1998 and 2003. The analysis continues by investigating whether different kinds of households are affected differently by increases in energy prices. Households in owner occupied properties are less affected compared to those in rented accommodation, this could be because owners are more likely to have installed energy-efficient heating and hot water supply systems and landlords have less of an incentive to improve the conditions of their rented accommodations. An energy policy targeting especially the latter group might benefit not only households in rented accommodation, but might increase energy-efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well.heating expenditures, Germany, space heating, energy-efficiency, price elasticity, income elasticity

Instrumentation at the Decade 80 solar house in Tucson, Arizona

Modifications, problems and solutions for the instrumentation system that occurred during the period from May through September, 1978, are described. The solar house was built to show the use of copper in home building and to demonstrate the use of solar energy to provide space heating and cooling and domestic hot water. The auxiliary energy sources are electrical resistance heating for the domestic hot water and a gas-fired boiler for space heating and operation of the adsorption air conditioning units

Collation of monthly and semiannual reports covering instrumentation at the Decade 80 house in Tucson, Arizona

The Decade 80 solar house, located in Tucson, Arizona, was built to show the use of copper in home building and to demonstrate the use of solar energy to provide space heating and cooling and domestic hot water. The auxiliary energy sources are electrical resistance heating for the domestic hot water and a gas fired boiler for space heating and operation of the absorption air conditioning units. The Semi-Annual report gives an overview of the instrumentation effort with the back-up monthly reports reflecting more detail of the effort that went into the implementation of the data acquisition system

Solar and geothermal energy for low-carbon space heating and energy independence.

In developed countries, space heating is highly dependent on fossil fuels consumption. Also, the non-renewable fuels combustion emits CO2 which is claimed to impact the most on greenhouse effect. The utilization of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) for space heating, instead of fossil fuels, has been found to be feasible for systems’ greater energy independence and reduction in CO2 emissions. Solar Assisted Ground Source Heat Pump (SAGSHP) systems are a promising technology which can be used to accomplish the above framed target. A mathematic model of a SAGSHP system was built and a parametric analysis for Birmingham which is a city located in the UK’s West Midlands was conducted. Two scenarios based on two different dwellings were investigated, the one was a house recently erected and the other was a refurbished house. As regards the new house, simulation results showed that the utilized energy for space heating and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) can vary from 33% up to 73% RES dependent and, at the same time, electricity generation can be 2.21 times higher than the system’s demand. As regards the energy renovated dwelling, the RES contribution to the delivered heat was found to be between the 33% and 63%, while the electricity generation did not result in any surplus energy from the consumed. Finally, by making use of SAGSHP system instead of a natural Gas boiler, the reduction of CO2 emissions was found to be between 300kg/year and 2,170kg/year for the new building and from 245kg/year up to 3,221kg/year for the refurbished house, respectively. In both cases, SAGSHP systems proved to be a feasible practice for greater energy independence from non-renewable energy sources with substantial positive impact on the greenhouse gasses emissions

Cost Liability and Residential Space Heating Expenditures of Welfare Recipients in Germany

Within the German welfare system, heating expenditures of recipients are in general fully covered by the government. This paper empirically tests for the hypothesis that households receiving welfare payments turn to over consumption of residential space heating. We use microdata from two different data sources to explore whether conditional heating expenditures of these households significantly differ from those of other households. Our empirical findings suggest that even when controlling for a range of other factors this is indeed the case as heating expenditures lie about 10 percent above those of other households. These results are fairly robust to sensitivity analyses. Our results imply that there is potential scope for cost savings if this policy is changed.Social welfare, Germany, Space heating, Economic incentives

Alaska Community Fuel Use

The goal of this project was to estimate the amount of fuel used for space heating and electricity production by communities in Alaska. No comprehensive Alaska fuel use data exist at the community level. Community fuel consumption by type of fuel and end use is needed to estimate the potential economic benefits from demand- and supply-side investments in fuel use reduction projects. These investments include weatherization and housing stock improvements; improved lighting, appliance and space heating efficiencies; waste heat capture; electric interties, and alternative energy supply options such as wind and hydroelectric generation. Ultimately the Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) and others can use this information to rank and select a suite of projects that provide the largest gains in fuel reductions at the lowest long-term costs and the highest returns on investment over the life of the projects. Study communities consisted of Power Cost Equalization (PCE) eligible communities. Communities in the North Slope Borough were excluded because fuel subsidies offered by the borough result in different patterns of energy use by households.Alaska Energy Authorit

Design package for a complete residential solar space heating and hot water system

Information necessary to evaluate the design of a solar space heating and hot water system is reported. System performance specifications, the design data brochure, the system description, and other information pertaining to the design are included

An Examination of the US Residential Heating Market

This paper outlines the US residential space heating market and highlights thirteen disruptive companies whose products decarbonize some link in the space heating supply chain. The goal of the paper is to provide Energy Impact Partners (EIP) with a strong understanding of market trends, regional switching costs, customer behaviors, and policy incentives. Additionally, we present an investment landscape of disruptive companies from which EIP may choose to pursue specific investment objectives. The US residential space heating market may be thought of as a mix of space heating fuel sources, such as natural gas and electricity, and a mix of space heating technologies, such as Furnaces and Heat Pumps. Four major trends stick out. First, Furnaces dominate the technology landscape as the most popular heating technology. Second, natural gas and electricity are the two main fuel types used for space heating, with 51% of households using natural gas and 37% of households using electricity. Third, the mixes of fuel and equipment have changed since 2001 largely due to higher population growth in southern regions where electricity and Heat Pumps provide space heating for most homes. Fourth, according to utility executives interviewed the mix of fuel and technology will not change drastically over the next ten years. Payback periods calculated are often long, greater than 10 years, making the switch to less carbon intensive fuel sources or less energy intensive technologies less appealing to the average homeowner. Furthermore, customer behavior hinders the switch to decarbonizing technologies because most individuals do not view space heating equipment as aspirational purchases and will only replace equipment upon failure – which often happens during the winter – forcing them to seek out the quickest fix rather than shop around for an alternative option, even if that option can save money through lower operating costs. Several federal and state incentives exist to motivate homeowners to decarbonize their space heating system. More details are provided in Chapter 7. Ultimately, the paper concludes with four insights for EIP with regards to investing in space heating startups. These insights revolve around the projected energy and technology mix, where innovation occurs in the space heating supply chain, customer behavior in purchasing decisions, and the importance of government policy for a startup’s success.Master of ScienceSchool for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of Michiganhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146738/1/An Examination of the US Residential Heating Market_338.pd