The U.S. newspaper industry’s relationship with online media 1980-2005

This thesis examines from a historical perspective the issues and forces that shaped the U.S. newspaper industry during the formative years of the online era, specifically 1980 through 2005. The thesis explains this period as one of extreme change and transition as it explores the years leading up to the mid-1990s when newspaper publishers first confronted the Internet and adopted it as an online distribution platform. The thesis also discusses the early 2000s as the time when an Internet based media economy emerged to the detriment of newspaper business models. The thesis relies on the tenets of media industries scholarship, and in doing so, provides a thorough examination into the business relationships that existed between newspaper companies and online media forms during this period. Using numerous examples, the thesis details how newspaper companies viewed online media forms, how they deployed them, and for what purpose. The analysis of this activity provides insight about how the decisions made during this period influenced the newspaper industry’s economic condition at the end of the decade.The thesis explains from the perspective of the newspaper industry that the Internet arrived as part of a progression of technologies that had influenced the media during this period. Beginning with videotext through to proprietary online systems, the thesis demonstrates that these earlier platforms had informed newspaper companies how online media operates as a communication platform. The thesis discusses the importance of interactivity as a practical attribute of online media, but recounts how cultural and organizational artefacts kept newspaper companies from embracing interactive functions as they developed online products. As interactivity increasingly led to user empowerment during the Internet era, the thesis reveals how the reluctance of newspaper companies to cede or share content control with their audience placed them at a competitive disadvantage and contributed to discrediting the newspaper industry’s overall business model

Special Libraries, December 1980

Volume 71, Issue 12https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1980/1010/thumbnail.jp

Media Services in Higher Education: A Delphi Study for the 1990s

The purpose of this study was to predict the nature of future higher education media services in order to provide decision making information for use in long-range planning by instructional technologists and academic administrators. The study\u27s objectives were: (1) to obtain expert opinion regarding future media services; (2) to identify innovative media services and applications of instructional technology; and (3) to provide researcher recommendations for implementing innovative instructional technologies. The methodology used was the Delphi technique. Data collection sites were selected in two ways. First, 16 schools identified in the literature as innovative users of instructional technology made up the core of the sample. Second, an additional 37 institutions were randomly selected and stratified according to enrollment size. The data were collected by one demographic instrument and three rounds of Delphi instruments. Twenty-two panelists completed the third round. Demographic questionnaire data were used in developing a profile of the Delphi panelists and their institutions. The Delphi instruments collected data regarding implementation time frames, innovative nature, and priority for implementation of instructional hardware, organizational concerns, and instructional techniques. Panelist consensus was obtained for 46 of the original 49 Delphi items. Key findings included: 1. Panelist consensus that ideal media services for the 1990s would be provided to the entire campus community by one centralized unit. The head of media services would report to an academic vice president. Oral lecture would be the primary information delivery mode, although its dominance would be challenged by interactive and distance learning technologies. 2. In addition to the institutions identified in the literature as being innovative users of instructional technology, the panelists identified 22 institutions as having the best and most innovative media services. 3. Computer networking and videodisc technologies were singled out by the panelists as the two most important new instructional technology tools. Finally, based on his expert opinion, the researcher suggested recommendations and/or strategies for implementing new instructional technologies in higher education

From diversity to convergence : British computer networks and the Internet, 1970-1995

The Internet's success in the 21st century has encouraged analysts to investigate the origin of this network. Much of this literature adopts a teleological approach. Works often begin by discussing the invention of packet switching, describe the design and development of the ARPANET, and then examine how this network evolved into the Internet. Although the ARPANET was a seminal computer network, these accounts usually only briefly consider the many other diverse networks that existed. In addition, apart from momentary asides to alternative internetworking solutions, such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer reference model, this literature concentrates exclusively on the ARPANET, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. While focusing on these subjects is important and therefore justified, it can leave the reader with the impression that the world of networking started with the ARPANET and ended with the Internet. This thesis is an attempt to help correct this misconception. This thesis analyses the evolution of British computer networks and the Internet between the years 1970 and 1995. After an introduction in Chapter 1, the thesis analyses several networks. In Chapters 2 and 3, the focus is on academic networks, especially JANET and SuperJANET. Attention moves to videotex networks in Chapter 4, specifically Prestel, and in Chapter 5, the dissertation examines electronic mail networks such as Telecom Gold and Cable & Wireless Easylink. Chapter 6 considers online services, including CompuServe, American Online, and the Microsoft Network, and the thesis ends with a conclusion in Chapter 7. All of the networks discussed used protocols that were incompatible with each other which limited the utility of the networks for their users. Although it was possible that OSI or another solution could have solved this problem, the Internet's protocols achieved this objective. This thesis shows how the networks converged around TCP/IP

Structures and interactivity of media--a prototype for the electronic book

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1988.Bibliography: leaves 150-164.by David S. Backer.Ph.D

Machine Translation as a Complex System: The Role of Esperanto

The history of machine translation and the history of Esperanto have long been connected, as they are two different ways to deal with the same problem: the problem of communication across language barriers. Language can be considered a Complex Adaptive System (CAS), and machine translation too. In fact, there are multiple agents (both natural and artificial) involved, interacting with one another and committed to achieve a common goal, i.e., the machine translation task. The main characteristics of language as a CAS are also shared in machine translation, especially if we consider the example-based, statistical approach, which is nowadays paradigmatic and unavoidable. In fact, control is distributed, there is no ideal representing agent (intrinsic diversity), there are perpetual dynamics in performance, adapted through amplification and competition of new examples from the crowd of users. On the other hand, Esperanto, being a living language, can be considered a CAS, but of a special kind, because its intrinsic regularity in structure simplifies the task of machine translation, at least up to a certain level. This paper reviews how Esperanto has enhanced the development of human-machine communication in general and within machine translation in particular, tracing some prospects for further development of machine translation, where Esperanto could play a key role

Current accessibility of, knowledge of, and experience with distance education technologies at three small colleges in Kelskemet Hungary

In Kecskemet, Hungary, three small colleges are discussing plans to form a new university and implement some of their courses using distance education technologies, if political and economic conditions are favorable. The purpose of this case study was to answer some basic questions about: (1) the accessibility to 74 different technologies which could be used in the planning and implementation of distance education programs, (2) the knowledge of the planners about these technologies, and (3) their experience using them. Planners were selected by respective college rectors as: ·Horticulture College (N=16), Mechanical Engineering and Automation College (N-16), Teacher Training College (N=7). The planners\u27 selections were based on the assumption that they would likely be used in the development and implementation of future distance education programs. No other conditions were set for their selection in the hopes that the most natural conditions might be replicated, i.e., decisions for program planning and implementation ultimately rest with administrators\u27 decisions. From the analysis of both individual and group data, it was determined that (1) the Horticulture and Mechanical Engineering and Automation Colleges were roughly equivalent in accessibility to and experience with the technologies surveyed, (2) the Mechanical Engineering and Automation College had more knowledge of the technologies than the other two colleges, (3) the Teacher Training and Horticulture Colleges had equal knowledge of these technologies, (4) the Teacher Training College had less accessibility to and experience with these technologies than the other two colleges, (5) as individuals, surveyed respondents possessed definite use and knowledge strengths and weaknesses, and (6) there was significant accessibility to many of these technologies outside of the three colleges that should be pursued. When final planning begins, it will be useful to look at table details rather than broader conclusions. In Tables 1-100 can be found: accessibility, knowledge and experience strengths and weaknesses (for both individuals and groups), internal and - external accessibilities, i.e., details which can be used to maximize networking and develop required staff and faculty training programs. Respondents\u27 comments to open-ended questions, found in Tables 101-106, ask about: the potential use of distance education in their work assignments, colleges, geographic areas and all work assignments, their perceptions of the current degree of support for distance education, the political influence on distance education in Hungary, and the biggest barriers to implementing education in their schools. Also included are researcher reactions to some of these comments and ideas for overcoming some difficulties

From diversity to convergence : British computer networks and the Internet, 1970-1995

The Internet's success in the 21st century has encouraged analysts to investigate the origin of this network. Much of this literature adopts a teleological approach. Works often begin by discussing the invention of packet switching, describe the design and development of the ARPANET, and then examine how this network evolved into the Internet. Although the ARPANET was a seminal computer network, these accounts usually only briefly consider the many other diverse networks that existed. In addition, apart from momentary asides to alternative internetworking solutions, such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer reference model, this literature concentrates exclusively on the ARPANET, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. While focusing on these subjects is important and therefore justified, it can leave the reader with the impression that the world of networking started with the ARPANET and ended with the Internet. This thesis is an attempt to help correct this misconception. This thesis analyses the evolution of British computer networks and the Internet between the years 1970 and 1995. After an introduction in Chapter 1, the thesis analyses several networks. In Chapters 2 and 3, the focus is on academic networks, especially JANET and SuperJANET. Attention moves to videotex networks in Chapter 4, specifically Prestel, and in Chapter 5, the dissertation examines electronic mail networks such as Telecom Gold and Cable & Wireless Easylink. Chapter 6 considers online services, including CompuServe, American Online, and the Microsoft Network, and the thesis ends with a conclusion in Chapter 7. All of the networks discussed used protocols that were incompatible with each other which limited the utility of the networks for their users. Although it was possible that OSI or another solution could have solved this problem, the Internet's protocols achieved this objective. This thesis shows how the networks converged around TCP/IP.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo