Exports and labor income by gender: a social accounting matrix analysis for Senegal

Higher incomes for women can have significant beneficial impacts for poverty reduction both in the short run by providing more resources to households and in the long run by increasing investments in the human capital of children. While substantial research has been done using microeconomic household survey data on gender disparities in labor incomes in developing countries, these studies may not necessarily provide insights on how broad structural shifts in an economy could affect differently opportunities for work and income generation for men and women. In this paper, we use a recent Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Senegal to assess how growth in various sectors of the economy, and especially in exports from tourism, could affect the incomes of women and men both directly and indirectly through multiplier effects. We find that a tourism export boom could lead to increase not only in the level of income of Senegalese women, but also in their share of total labor income in the economy.Input-output analysis; Senegal; Gender; Tourism

Comparing the impact of food and energy price shocks on consumers : a social accounting matrix analysis for Ghana

Many countries have been affected by food and oil price shocks. Rising energy costs have manifested themselves through higher prices of gas at the pump and through price increases for many other goods such as kerosene and transport. But in some countries there has also been some degree of protection for consumers for example when authorities have chosen to try to keep electricity tariffs affordable through implicit subsidies (which are unfortunately often poorly targeted). For food prices, the effect on consumers has often been more rapid than for oil-related products, as the increase in import prices have been typically fully passed on to consumers and has often been accompanied by increases in the prices of domestically produced foods. Recent attention has therefore rightly been focused on food prices, but the issue of oil prices is important as well. While food prices tend to have a larger direct impact on consumers due to the larger share of food in total household consumption, oil prices may have larger multiplier effects than food prices because oil-related products are used as intermediary products in many productive sectors. It therefore remains an open question as to whether the medium-term impact of food or oil prices is likely to be larger in any given country. It also remains open to question as to whether urban as opposed to rural households are most likely to be affected. While urban households are likely to rely on consumption of imported goods more than rural households, the weight of food and possibly oil-related products may well be larger in the consumption patterns of rural than urban households. Answering these questions may be useful to guide discussions on compensatory measures that governments can take to respond to the twin crisis of higher food and oil prices. In this context the objective of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of the multiplier impact of both types of price shocks using a recent Social Accounting Matrix for Ghana. The paper finds that both the direct impacts of food prices and the indirect impacts of oil prices are potentially large, so that both should be dealt with by authorities when considering compensatory measures to protect households from higher consumer prices.Markets and Market Access,Food&Beverage Industry,Energy Production and Transportation,Emerging Markets,Access to Markets

Exports and labor income by gender: a social accounting matrix analysis for Senegal

Higher incomes for women can have significant beneficial impacts for poverty reduction both in the short run by providing more resources to households and in the long run by increasing investments in the human capital of children. While substantial research has been done using microeconomic household survey data on gender disparities in labor incomes in developing countries, these studies may not necessarily provide insights on how broad structural shifts in an economy could affect differently opportunities for work and income generation for men and women. In this paper, we use a recent Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Senegal to assess how growth in various sectors of the economy, and especially in exports from tourism, could affect the incomes of women and men both directly and indirectly through multiplier effects. We find that a tourism export boom could lead to increase not only in the level of income of Senegalese women, but also in their share of total labor income in the economy

Gender, Time Use, and Labor Income in Guinea: Micro and Macro Analyses

Higher incomes for women can have significant beneficial impacts for poverty reduction both in the short run by providing more resources to households and in the long run by increasing investments in the human capital of children. Substantial research has been done using microeconomic household survey data on gender disparities in labor incomes in developing countries in recent years. The first contribution of this paper is to summarize some of that research as applied to Guinea. However, microeconomic studies may not necessarily provide insights on how broad structural shifts in an economy could affect differently opportunities for work and income generation for men and women. In the second part of the paper, we use a recent Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Guinea to assess how growth in various sectors of the economy could affect the incomes of women and men both directly and indirectly through multiplier effects. We find that an expansion of sectors oriented primarily towards domestic consumption could have a larger positive impact on the labor income share of women than an expansion of export-oriented sectors.Gender; Labor income; Social Accounting Matrix; Guinea

An extension of the block spacial path approach to analysis of the influence of intra and interregional trade on multiplier effects in general interregional input-output models

In a number of recent papers Sonis, Hewings and coworkers have extended spacial path analysis to a block structural context capable of analysing the relationship between direct blocks of influence, such as intra and interregional trade coefficients or demographic-economic interactions, and full model multipliers. The approach makes use of a definition of the direct coefficients block partitioned matrix in terms of simpler matrices each of which is made up of null blocks except for one block column. In the current paper, the underlying technique is extended by making use of an even simpler matrix construction - an "almost null" matrix, defined as null in all partitioned blocks except one. An arbitrary n x n block partitioned direct coefficients matrix can be represented as a sum of n-squared almost null matrices. Properties of almost null matrices are exploited to enable analytically manageable expressions for the Leontief inverse to be written entirely in terms of the almost null matrices making up the direct coefficients matrix. Additive and multiplicative representations in terms of groupings of almost null matrices are provided.

Oil price shocks, poverty, and gender: a social accouting matrix analysis for Kenya

In a similar way to Input-Output (IO) tables, Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) have been used in the literature mostly to assess the distributional impact of changes in production structure on household income. Yet they can also be used to assess the impact on price shocks on the cost of goods consumed by households. The key advantage of SAMs over IO tables is that the data from household surveys on the incomes and consumption patterns of various categories of households can be directly integrated into the modeling exercise in order to conduct the distributional analysis. This is illustrated with a discussion of the impact of oil price shocks in Kenya on different types of households defined according to the gender of the household head as well as poverty status. We find that due to some differences in consumption patterns, poorer households are likely to be affected more by oil price hikes than the non-poor, and that household with female heads could also be more affected than households with male heads.Input-output analysis; Social accounting matrix; Price model; Kenya; Gender