Augmented reality technology in image-guided therapy: State-of-the-art review.

Image-guided therapies have been on the rise in recent years as they can achieve higher accuracy and are less invasive than traditional methods. By combining augmented reality technology with image-guided therapy, more organs, and tissues can be observed by surgeons to improve surgical accuracy. In this review, 233 publications (dated from 2015 to 2020) on the design and application of augmented reality-based systems for image-guided therapy, including both research prototypes and commercial products, were considered for review. Based on their functions and applications. Sixteen studies were selected. The engineering specifications and applications were analyzed and summarized for each study. Finally, future directions and existing challenges in the field were summarized and discussed

Modelling and optimising pretransplant kidney storage

When compared to static cold storage (SCS), the hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) of pretransplant kidneys confers a therapeutic effect to transplant recipients. The mechanisms conferring this benefit are not fully understood, however are thought to include a metabolic component. The first experiments in this thesis demonstrated that metabolic differences exist between HMP and SCS stored kidneys. If properly optimised, HMP potentiates further gains for transplant recipients. However, the low throughput of organ storage research reduces the rate new HMP protocols are assessed. Therefore, a novel in vitro model of organ preservation was created. This model permits high-throughput control of fluid shear stress and oxygenation, and both of these environmental stimuli were found to be independent mediators of cellular survival after simulated preservation. Additionally, oxygen supplementation modulated de novo metabolism in hypothermicly stored proximal tubule cells. When trialled in whole organ models of HMP, high-dose perfusate oxygenation led to increased cortical concentrations of adenosine triphosphate, and also increased the concentrations of citric acid cycle metabolites produced de novo. The final chapters of this thesis chart an international collaborative effort to probe the minimal oxygen delivery strategy capable of inducing ex vivo benefit, followed by in vivo validation using animal auto-transplantation models