The RSHA Generation

The Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) was once the capital of a vast empire of terror; a place where surveillance, persecution, and extermination became merely a quotidian, bureaucratic function and where the Schreibtischtäter could implement their deadly ideology from afar, or sometimes in person; a place where divisions of the SS less associated by the general public with Nazi crimes against humanity, such as the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and Sicherheitspolizei (Sipo), would persecute and kill more people than the Gestapo and most other Nazi institutions of terror. The RSHA and its many offices became an outlet for many Nazi intellectual elites, who were educated at the prestigious institutions of Weimar and Nazi Germany. After the creation of the RSHA within the SS, these individuals through this apparatus and the opportunities presented by German military conquests were transformed from ideological academics to calculating exterminators of millions. Some made the transition behind a desk in Berlin, while others were committed to seeing the fruits of their labor first hand. These were the ‘true believers’ and most devoted followers of National Socialism

Intellectual property rights and innovation activities in China : evidence from patents and publications

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China's absorptive State: research, innovation and the prospects for China-UK collaboration

China's innovation system is advancing so rapidly in multiple directions that the UK needs to develop a more ambitious and tailored strategy, able to maximise opportunities and minimise risks across the diversity of its innovation links to China. For the UK, the choice is not whether to engage more deeply with the Chinese system, but how. This report analyses the policies, prospects and dilemmas for Chinese research and innovation over the next decade. It is designed to inform a more strategic approach to supporting China-UK collaboration

Indicator-based reporting on the Chinese innovation system 2010: Life sciences in China

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Evaluasi Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Penerimaan Online Menggunakan Information Systems Success Model (Studi Kasus: Otoritas Jasa Keuangan)

Otoritas Jasa Keuangan merupakan suatu lembaga yang berfungsi untuk menyelenggarakan sistem pengaturan dan pengawasan yan terintegrasi terhadap keseluruhan kegiatan di dalam sektor jasa keuangan. Lembaga ini menyediakan sistem yang bernama SIPO (Sistem Informasi Penerimaan Online) yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat bantu bagi OJK untuk mengelola pembayaran pungutan OJK dengan lebih cepat dan mudah secara online. Pada dasarnya sistem ini digunakan untuk memudahkan bagi OJK, namun demikian, OJK ingin mengetahui apakah SIPO (Sistem Informasi Penerimaan Online) berhasil memberikan informasi yang diberikan kepada pengguna implementasinya.Oleh karena itu perlu adanya penilaian kualitas sistem informasi penerimaan online (SIPO) di Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). Dengan adanya permasalahan ini maka akan dilakukan evaluasi aplikasi tersebut dengan menggunakan Information Systems Success Model dan untuk perhitungan akan menggunakan Structural Equation Model (SEM) yang nantinya akan dilakukan survei pada internal OJK yang menggunakan sistem ini dan hasil dari survei data akan dihitung menggunakan LISREL. Hasil dari tugas akhir ini adalah diharapkan dapat membantu Otoritas Jasa Keuangan dalam hal mengetahui apakah SIPO berhasil memberikan informasi yang diberikan kepada pengguna implementasinya yang telah diterapkan serta memberikan masukan indikator yang bernilai jelek menurut pengguna dan beberapa contoh perbaikan yang bisa dilakukan

industrial property rights and innovation in China droits de propriete industrielle et innovation en Chine

La progression du marché en Chine depuis la politique d’ouverture menée par Deng Xiaoping est allée de pair avec la définition de règles et de lois visant à encadrer l’activité de création scientifique et technique, c'est-à-dire de règles de respect de la propriété intellectuelle. Les années 1980 et 1990 ont été celles du rattrapage en matière de propriété intellectuelle, dans la mesure où ce pays s’est doté d’un cadre juridique comparable à celui des pays industriels en adoptant l’ensemble des accords internationaux signés dans ce domaine. Notre objectif est de mettre au jour les conséquences de l’adoption de ce cadre juridique. En particulier, quels en sont les impacts sur l’innovation chinoise ? Est-ce un moyen de favoriser l’investissement local et donc de stimuler l’innovation « endogène » ? Ou bien le respect des règles internationales en matière de propriété intellectuelle et plus particulièrement industrielle (nous nous centrons ici principalement sur le rôle des brevets) a-t-il pour conséquence première de favoriser l’investissement international en Chine ? Nous soulignons dans ce document l’intérêt que constitue une approche systémique du processus d’innovation. Celle-ci découle non pas de la prise en compte d’un seul paramètre - si important soit-il (par exemple le cadre légal de la propriété intellectuelle) - pour expliquer les résultats en termes d’innovation, mais de l’ensemble du fonctionnement du système national d’innovation y compris, dans un contexte de globalisation, ses relations avec les autres systèmes nationaux d’innovation. The market-oriented policy implemented by Deng Xiaoping since the end of the 1970s has led to the determination of laws ruling scientific and technical creation, i.e intellectual property rules. During the 1980s and 1990s, China developed a legal framework of intellectual property (IP) meeting international standards. Our aim in this paper is to discuss the consequences of the implementation of this legal framework. In particular, what are the impacts on Chinese innovation? Is it, as expected by the Chinese government but also as often stressed in the literature on innovation, a way to boost domestic investment and hence endogenous innovation? Or is the implementation of these international rules favouring first and foremost foreign investment in China, as also expected by the Chinese government? This paper supports the idea of the role of a systemic approach to the innovation process as well as the weakness of a too simplistic approach that would consist in linking the IP legal framework to the results in terms of innovation.industrial property rights, innovation, China

Patent examination at the State Intellectual Property Office in China

The number of patent applications filed at the Chinese State Intellectual Property Office SIPO grew tremendously over the last decades and the SIPO has become the world's third largest patent office by 2009. In this paper, we provide an overview of the institutional background of patent examination in China. Moreover, we empirically analyze the determinants of the grant lags applicants have to expect at the SIPO. The multivariate duration analysis is based on the population of 443,533 patent applications filed at the SIPO between 1990 and 2002. The average grant lag is 4.71 years with considerable variation across 30 different technology areas. Interestingly, we find that Chinese applicants are able to achieve faster patent grants than their non-Chinese counterparts (even after controlling for various other determinants of grant lags). This might be an indication of a differential treatment of Chinese applicants which would be in violation of Art. 3 (National Treatment) and Art. 4 (Most-favored Nation Treatment) of TRIPS that has been signed by China in 2001

"Domestic Innovation and Chinese Regional Growth, 1991-2004"

We examine the return to innovation in terms of economic growth at the provincial level to assess whether or not policies that promote R&D, such as China’s Science and Technology Policy, have been productive for all of China’s regions. The return to innovation at the provincial level is estimated using a value-added Cobb-Douglas production function. The measure of the effect of innovation (patenting activity) is valued-added industrial output. The data are a balanced panel for 30 provinces for the period 1991-2004. We find that the production function including innovation fits the Chinese provincial level data well. These estimates indicate that technology plays a positive role in industrial growth at the provincial level; however, the contribution of technology is far too small, which indicates that China’s economic growth is largely driven by the factor inputs. The results support the views that the linkages between innovation activity and commercialization of new technology are weak within Chinese domestic firms which have difficulties in exploiting and adopting the new technologies. The results also indicate that the inter-regional technology spillovers are positive but relatively small and weak, compared to the European regions and the states in the US. The estimated results further confirm that the impact of industrial reforms during the period of 1994-99 on China’s technological development is negative, as there seems to be neither exogenous technical progress nor technology’s contribution to the value-added industrial output during those years.China, patents, productivity, innovation, regions