WAVE OVERTOPPING: A COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL STUDIES

Merged with duplicate record 10026.1/678 on 07.03.2017 by CS (TIS)The overtopping of low-crested breakwater is investigated by means of hydraulic and mathematical models. A conventional laboratory wavemaker with a wedge-type paddle is converted into an absorbing wavemaker so that it can be used to investigate accurately wave overtopping of reflective coastal structures. The absorption system is achieved by use of a feedback loop added to the control circuit. The design criteria and implementation of the circuit are presented in detail. Enhanced control software is used to generate different 'random' sea states with the same statistical properties. The absorption system is validated by ail extensive series of tests made possible by the development of automated data acquisition and analysis software. Particular attention is given to the derivation of incident and reflected wave spectra. The results show over 90% success in reducing reflected waves. It is also possible to establish stable standing wave patterns over a wide frequency range. The results show significant improvement over similar existing wavemakers and in effect create an open-ended channel in the sense that the test structure hardly influences incident wave conditions. A closely controlled series of overtopping tests was carried out using the absorption system to prevent any re-reflections. Equipment and software were designed to quantify the overtopping rates for the structures used. The design and implementation of all aspects of the tests is fully described. Overlapping tests were carried out on breakwaters with smooth l:l and 1:2 seaward slopes. The results are tabulated and plotted in a dimension less form which permits comparison with earlier work carried out at Hydraulics Research Ltd. The range of available data is extended and the new data for fully-developed sea states shown to be compatible with a linear extrapolation of the earlier results. It is believed that the earlier results were obtained using fully developed sea states but this is not known for certain. The importance of rigorously defining and publishing both test conditions and analysis techniques is highlighted. In the numerical study the 1-D mass and continuity equations were solved by a hybrid finite element/finite difference scheme. Whilst a good comparison is achieved between the physical and numerical tests for breakwater slopes of 1:2 and less, realistic results are not achieved for steeper slopes. The reasons for this are discussed and the results presented. Both sets of model tests add valuable data to an area presently lacking detailed information

Enhancing organisational innovativeness in a Malay cultural environment

PhD ThesisEssentially this study is founded upon the culture-specific thesis that organisational processes are influenced to a large extent by the cultural settings in which they operate. Hence management processes such as the management of innovations in organisations; ought to be culturally relative. The main objectives of this study are: i to identify, the major cultural values of the Sarawak Malays of relevance to the facilitation or inhibition of "innovatogenic" behaviour in an organisational context ii to identify, assess and evaluate active strategies used to nurture "innovatogenic" behaviour in some Malay organisations in response to these cultural influences, with due attention being paid to both thoses trategies which exploit any positive influence and those which aim to overcome any negative influence of such cultural values iii to highlight issues worthy of consideration in developing 'culturally' appropriate' strategies to nurture 'innovatogenic' behaviour (In particular, the study aims to demonstrate that (i) the innovation process is culture specific and (ii) any strategies employed must take a holistic approach and ensure that the both the structural aspects and ideational aspects of such strategies are congruent with each other). A qualitative research involving two phases of fieldwork was employed: Phase 1 . The Key Informant Interview. Unstructured interviews were conducted with twenty senior managers. These managers were purposely selected for their vast experience in managing Malay workers, both at managerial and operative levels. These interviews focused on two aspects: (a) their views and perspectives regarding Malay cultural values and beliefs and whether these values and beliefs had any impact on their 'innovation producing' behaviour. (b) The strategies used to incorporate these values and beliefs into their managerial philosophies and practices. Phase 2. Case studies of three selected organisations. A month was spent in each of three organisations; collecting information on eight key aspects of the organisations: strategic focus, management/leadership style; management attitude/orientation- . infrastructure, task structure, ideas management, performance management and orgarlisational climate. Both interview and survey methods of data collection were employed. The Ekvall's Creative Climate Questionnairew as then used to assesst he creative climate of the organisations. Data analysis was guided by a conceptual framework that linked the capability. means, and motivation of individuals to behave' innovatogenrically' with the structural and ideational features of the organisation. The main findings of the study indicate that (i) Malays are very concerned with maintaining harmonious relationship with superiors and peers. A tendency for collective behaviour, a need for personalised relationships, deference to leaders, loyalty to group and leader, and a focus on social benefit of an action to group and self were key features of this realtionship orientation Consequently, Malay organisations seem to be characterised by socially determined form of work relationship and priorities that are not conducive to the generation and exploitation of ideas. ii Organisational behaviour is culture specific: the social beliefs , values and customs of a society and the concomitant impact of these on organisational behaviour is significant and cannot be ignored. Subjective interpretations of strategies, procedures and practices by members of an organisation shapes their behaviour in relation to them. As such, an organisation cannot be made innovative through the introduction ( or imposition) of new strategies or mechanismws ithout due considerationsto the dominanti deationalm oder elating to theses trategiesa nd mechanism.The Ministry of Industrial Development, Sarawak: Mara Institute of Technology

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