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    Coastal path planning algorithm using quadtree and visibility graph

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 쑰선해양곡학과, 2021.8. κΉ€νƒœμ™„.With the introduction of e-Navigation technology by the International Maritime Organization, it has been recommended for ships to exchange data with maritime centers. For this purpose, the necessary information for ships is electronically exchanged for information exchange, and this information includes route information. Therefore, the vessel must make a voyage plan and transmit it to the maritime center. Maritime center must check that there is no problem in the voyage plan and send the voyage plan to the vessel. Since weather routing system is established for ships sailing the ocean, it is easy to exchange route data between ships and maritime center. However, it is difficult to exchange route data for coastal ships because the navigator decide the route manually using their professional knowledge. In order to compensate the manual route planning along with the digitalization of the route, the demand for an automatic route system in the coast has increased. Coastal ships include passenger ships, fishing boats, and yachts for various purposes. Vessels must calculate the route to their destination to achieve their objectives. The purpose of this study is to compute a safe and efficient route within a coast with a complex environment. It is necessary to secure the safety of the vessel by providing a route plan in consideration of the changing marine environment to the vessel in operation before departure or in real time. In order to determine a route, information such as shoreline, water depth, weather, and tide is required. Based on this information, many studies on route planning of ships sailing the ocean have been developed, but most of them are focused on reducing fuel consumption and sailing time in open sea. Because the coastline is complex and there are many obstacles in the coast, it is difficult to apply the existing research in coastal environment. In addition, since there are many areas with a large tide difference in Korea, the environment changes frequently during navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the route within a short time to consider frequent environment change. In this paper, we propose a novel route planning algorithm for complex offshore environments by integrating the advantages of quadtree and visibility graph. A quadtree is used to improve the inefficient environment representation method such as the uniform grid. The graph is constructed using quadtree and the shortest path is computed on the quadtree based graph. Using the waypoints of the previously computed route, a visibility graph is generated to calculate the optimal route. To find the optimal path, Dijkstra algorithm is used at this time. The proposed algorithm can perform route planning from any angle and establishes a safe route plan by maintaining a certain distance from the coastline. In addition, the fuel consumption is computed in consideration of the weather information according to the departure time of the vessel, and the route with the minimum fuel consumption is planned. To calculate the fuel consumption, the braking power must be computed. The braking power can be calculated from the effective power, which is composed of the ship's resistance and speed. The resistance of the vessel is composed of resistance in still water, additional wind resistance, and additional wave resistance, and the net speed of the vessel. At this time, the additional resistance and the speed of the ship are computed based on ISO 15016. For validation of proposed algorithm, the minimum fuel consumption route and the shortest distance route were compared and evaluated. For performance evaluation, the algorithm proposed in this study was applied to the west and south sea of Korea. It was confirmed that the topology of the minimum fuel consumption route was different from the shortest route due to the influence of the weather information. Overall, it was confirmed that the proposed algorithm can generate the optimal route in complex environment with a short time.κ΅­μ œν•΄μ‚¬κΈ°κ΅¬(International Maritime Organization)κ°€ e-Navigation κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ„μž…ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 선박이 해상 센터와 데이터λ₯Ό κ΅ν™˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν‘œμ€€μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 선박이 ν•­ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ° ν•„μš”ν•œ 정보듀이 정보 κ΅ν™˜μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ „μžν™”λ˜κ³  있으며, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ •λ³΄μ—λŠ” ν•­λ‘œ 정보도 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 선박은 ν•­ν•΄ κ³„νšμ„ μ„Έμš΄ λ’€ 해상 센터에 전솑해야 ν•˜λ©°, 해상 μ„Όν„°λŠ” ν•­ν•΄ κ³„νšμ— λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ—†λŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ„ λ°•μœΌλ‘œ 보내야 ν•œλ‹€. λŒ€μ–‘μ„ ν•­ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 선박은 μžλ™μœΌλ‘œ ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ κ΅¬μΆ•λ˜μ–΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν•­λ‘œμ˜ 데이터 κ΅ν™˜μ΄ μš©μ΄ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—°μ•ˆμ„ ν•­ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 선박은 μ„ μž₯ 및 항해사가 전문적 지식을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜μž‘μ—…μœΌλ‘œ ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν•­λ‘œ 데이터 κ΅ν™˜μ΄ μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€. ν•­λ‘œμ˜ μ „μžν™”μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μˆ˜μž‘μ—…μœΌλ‘œ ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 과정을 λ³΄μ™„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ—°μ•ˆ λ‚΄ ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό μžλ™μœΌλ‘œ κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μš”κ΅¬κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 이와 κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬ ν™œλ°œν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ—°μ•ˆ 선박은 여객선, μ–΄μ„ , μš”νŠΈ 등이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λ©° λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ©μ μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 선박은 각각의 λͺ©μ μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ©μ μ§€κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 경둜λ₯Ό μ—°μ•ˆ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 계산해야 ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ ν™˜κ²½μ΄ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ—°μ•ˆ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μ•ˆμ „ν•œ ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” ν•΄μ–‘ν™˜κ²½μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ 경둜 κ³„νšμ„ 좜발 μ „ ν˜Ήμ€ μ‹€μ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ μš΄ν•­ 쀑인 μ„ λ°•μ—κ²Œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ—¬ μ„ λ°•μ˜ μ•ˆμ „μ„ 확보해야 ν•œλ‹€. ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό κ³„νšν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•΄μ•ˆμ„ , μˆ˜μ‹¬, 기상, μ‘°μœ„ λ“±μ˜ 정보가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό 기반으둜 λŒ€μ–‘μ„ ν•­ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” μ„ λ°•μ˜ ν•­λ‘œ κ³„νš 연ꡬ가 많이 κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ—°λ£Œ μ†Œλͺ¨λŸ‰κ³Ό ν•­ν•΄ μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ€„μ΄λŠ”λ° μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ—°μ•ˆμ—λŠ” ν•΄μ•ˆμ„ μ΄ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  μž₯애물이 많기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 기쑴의 연ꡬλ₯Ό κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ μš©ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, ν•œκ΅­μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ‘°μœ„ μ°¨κ°€ 큰 μ˜μ—­μ΄ 많기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν•­ν•΄ μ‹œ μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½μ΄ 자주 λ³€ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ λΉ λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°„ 내에 ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό 계산해야 ν•˜λŠ”λ° κΈ°μ‘΄ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 이에 μ ν•©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μΏΌλ“œ νŠΈλ¦¬μ™€ κ°€μ‹œμ„± κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ˜ μž₯점을 ν†΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ μ—°μ•ˆ λ‚΄ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ν•΄μ–‘ ν™˜κ²½μ„ μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 경둜 κ³„νš μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 기쑴의 균일 κ²©μžμ™€ 같은 λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ μΈ ν™˜κ²½ ν‘œν˜„ 방법을 κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μΏΌλ“œ 트리λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μΏΌλ“œ 트리 μœ„μ—μ„œ κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³  μΏΌλ“œ 트리의 μ΅œλ‹¨ 경둜λ₯Ό κ³„μ‚°ν•œλ‹€. μ•žμ„œ κ³„μ‚°ν•œ ν•­λ‘œμ˜ μ›¨μ΄ν¬μΈνŠΈλ₯Ό 기반으둜 κ°€μ‹œμ„± κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜μ—¬ 졜적 경둜λ₯Ό κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λ©°, 이 λ•Œ Dijkstra μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€. μ œμ•ˆν•œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ€ λͺ¨λ“  κ°λ„μ—μ„œ ν•­λ‘œ κ³„νšμ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  수 있으며, ν•΄μ•ˆμ„ μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 일정 간격을 μœ μ§€ν•˜μ—¬ μ•ˆμ „ν•œ ν•­λ‘œ κ³„νšμ„ μˆ˜λ¦½ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, μ„ λ°•μ˜ μΆœν•­ μ‹œκ°„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 기상 정보λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μ—°λ£Œ μ†Œλͺ¨λŸ‰μ„ κ³„μ‚°ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μ—°λ£Œ μ†Œλͺ¨λŸ‰μ΄ μ΅œμ†Œκ°€ λ˜λŠ” ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό κ³„νšν•œλ‹€. μ—°λ£Œ μ†Œλͺ¨λŸ‰μ„ κ³„μ‚°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ œλ™ 동λ ₯을 계산해야 ν•˜λ©°, μ œλ™ 동λ ₯은 μ„ λ°•μ˜ μ €ν•­κ³Ό μ†λ„μ˜ 곱으둜 이루어진 유효 동λ ₯μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 계산할 수 μžˆλ‹€. μ„ λ°•μ˜ 저항은 μ •μˆ˜ 쀑 μ €ν•­, λ°”λžŒ λΆ€κ°€μ €ν•­, νŒŒλž‘ λΆ€κ°€μ €ν•­μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜λ©°, μ„ λ°•μ˜ 속λ ₯은 μ‘°λ₯˜λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ 이루어진닀. 이 λ•Œ λΆ€κ°€μ €ν•­κ³Ό μ„ λ°•μ˜ 속λ ₯은 ISO 15016을 기반으둜 ν•˜μ—¬ κ³„μ‚°λœλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 과정을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ κ³„μ‚°ν•œ μ΅œμ†Œ μ—°λ£Œ μ†Œλͺ¨λŸ‰ ν•­λ‘œμ™€ μ΅œλ‹¨ 거리 ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό 비ꡐ 및 ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„±λŠ₯ 평가λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ œμ•ˆν•œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ λŒ€ν•œλ―Όκ΅­ μ„œν•΄μ•ˆκ³Ό λ‚¨ν•΄μ•ˆ μ˜μ—­μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 기상 μ •λ³΄μ˜ 영ν–₯으둜 μ΅œμ†Œ μ—°λ£Œ μ†Œλͺ¨λŸ‰ ν•­λ‘œκ°€ μ΅œλ‹¨ 거리 ν•­λ‘œμ™€ ν˜•μƒμ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 ν™•μΈν–ˆλ‹€. μ „λ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μ œμ•ˆν•œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄ κΈ°μ‘΄ 연ꡬ 방법에 λΉ„ν•΄ λΉ λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°„ μ•ˆμ— 졜적 ν•­λ‘œλ₯Ό 생성할 수 μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective and method 3 1.3 Contributions of this paper 8 1.4 Outline 9 2 Theoretical background 10 2.1 Environment modelling 14 2.1.1 Regular grids 14 2.1.2 Irregular grids 16 2.1.3 Navigation mesh 17 2.1.4 Voronoi diagram 19 2.1.5 Visibility graph 20 2.1.6 Comparison of environment modeling 21 2.2 Path planning methods 24 2.2.1 Graph based methods 24 2.2.2 Sampling based methods 26 2.2.3 Evolutionary methods 29 2.2.4 Comparison of path planning methods 32 3 Related work 33 3.1 Genetic algorithm with navigation mesh 33 3.2 Dijkstra algorithm with Voronoi diagram 34 3.3 A* algorithm with quadtree 35 3.4 Comparison of related works with this thesis 38 4 Data acquisition and preprocess 43 4.1 Topography data 43 4.1.1 Topography and depth 43 4.1.2 Coastline expansion algorithm 46 4.2 Weather data 51 4.2.1 Wave data (KMA) 52 4.2.2 Wind data (KMA) 54 4.2.3 Current data (KMA) 56 4.2.4 Tide data (KHOA) 58 5 Quadtree based graph 60 5.1 Quadtrees 60 5.2 PMR quadtree insertion and split algorithm 67 5.3 Graph construction using PMR quadtree 76 5.4 The shortest path on quadtree based graph 85 6 Visibility graph construction with quadtree 87 6.1 Visibility graph 87 6.2 Visibility graph with quadtree 90 6.3 Improved line of sight algorithm 91 7 Fuel oil consumption estimation 94 7.1 Ship resistance 94 7.2 Ship speed 100 7.3 Fuel oil consumption 101 7.4 Example of fuel oil consumption computation 103 8 Coastal path planning algorithm 107 8.1 Problem definition 107 8.2 Assumptions for route optimization 109 8.3 Procedure of coastal path planning algorithm 109 9 Experimental results 113 9.1 Simulation results in quadtree generation 113 9.2 Simulation results with different draft 115 9.3 Simulation results in south sea of Korea 119 9.4 Simulation results in west sea of Korea 134 9.5 Fuel oil consumption minimization path results 148 9.5.1 First case in west sea of Korea 148 9.5.2 Second case in west sea of Korea 156 9.5.3 Third case in south sea of Korea 161 9.5.4 Second case in south sea of Korea 169 9.6 Long voyage path results 174 10 Conclusion and future works 179 References 181λ°•
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