Perfusion of the interventricular septum during ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Objective: To determine whether regional hypoperfusion of the interventricular septum occurs during ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure. Design: Animal study. Animals: Anesthetized, closed chest dogs (n = 8). Interventions: Induction of experimental adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and then ventilation with 10,15, and 20 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure. Measurements and Main Results: Cardiac output and regional interventricular septum blood flow 'were assessed at control, at induction of experimental ARDS, and at each level of positive end-expiratory pressure. Ventilation with 20 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure decreased cardiac output (-32% vs. control, p <.05), and did not change absolute, but increased relative (to cardiac output) interventricular septum blood flow. During experimental ARDS and ventilation at 20 cm H2O end-expiratory pressure, there was a redistribution of flow toward the right ventricular free wall (+93%, p < .001) and the right ventricular part of the interventricular septum (+68%, p < .01), while flow to the left ventricular interventricular septum and to the left ventricular free wall remained unchanged. Locally hypoperfused interventricular septum areas or findings indicative of interventricular septum ischemia were not observed during positive end-expiratory pressure. Conclusions: The decrease in cardiac output during positive end-expiratory pressure is not caused by impaired interventricular septum blood supply. The preferential perfusion of the right ventricular interventricular septum indicates increased local right ventricular interventricular septum oxygen-demand and suggests that during positive end-expiratory pressure, this part of the interventricular septum functionally dissociates from the left ventricular interventricular septum and the left ventricular free wall to support the stressed right ventricle

Nkx2-5 and Sarcospan genetically interact in the development of the muscular ventricular septum of the heart

The muscular ventricular septum separates the flow of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood in air-breathing vertebrates. Defects within it, termed muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs), are common, yet less is known about how they arise than rarer heart defects. Mutations of the cardiac transcription factor NKX2-5 cause cardiac malformations, including muscular VSDs. We describe here a genetic interaction between Nkx2-5 and Sarcospan (Sspn) that affects the risk of muscular VSD in mice. Sspn encodes a protein in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Sspn knockout (Sspn(KO)) mice do not have heart defects, but Nkx2-5(+/−)/Sspn(KO) mutants have a higher incidence of muscular VSD than Nkx2-5(+/−) mice. Myofibers in the ventricular septum follow a stereotypical pattern that is disrupted around a muscular VSD. Subendocardial myofibers normally run in parallel along the left ventricular outflow tract, but in the Nkx2-5(+/−)/Sspn(KO) mutant they commonly deviate into the septum even in the absence of a muscular VSD. Thus, Nkx2-5 and Sspn act in a pathway that affects the alignment of myofibers during the development of the ventricular septum. The malalignment may be a consequence of a defect in the coalescence of trabeculae into the developing ventricular septum, which has been hypothesized to be the mechanistic basis of muscular VSDs

Paraklooramfetamiini mõju psühhomotoorsele aktiivsusele ja serotoniini ja dopamiini tasemetele septumis ja prefrontaalkorteksis erineva püsisotsiaalsusega loomadel

Social behaviour plays important role in many psychopathologies. Sociability has been shown to be a stable trait in animals and individual differences in sociability are related to 5-HT transmission in septum and prefrontal cortex. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether animals with different levels of sociability are differently affected by p-chloroamphetamine treatment. 5-HT, 5-HIAA and DA levels were measured in septum and PFC and locomotor activity was recorded. Although there was no difference in monoamine levels or locomotor activity between LS- and HS-animals after PCA treatment, our findings confirm previous research on the different neurodegenerative effect of PCA in different brain regions. PCA had stronger neurodegenerative effect in PFC as 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels there were lower than in septum

Schwannoma of the nasal septum-a case report

Schwannomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are very rare. We report the case of a50-year-old woman with a schwannoma arising from the nasal septum. We discuss the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, imaging characteristics and treatment of thisrarely encountered lesion.Schwannoma (neurilemmoma) is a benign neoplasm arising from Schwann cells in the peripheral nerve sheath. It can arise throughout the body, but is most commonly observed in the head and neck. This region accounts for 25–45% of all schwannoma [1]. Tumors arisingfrom nasal septum are extremely rare with only less than 20 cases been reported in the English literature

Pitfalls in Cytodiagnosis of Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Nasal Septum - A Rare Case Report

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign mixed tumor of major salivary gland. Ectopic occurrence of pleomorphic adenoma are seen in minor salivary glands of pharynx, trachea, larynx and very rarely in nasal septum. We report a case of 40 year old female who presented with right sided nasal mass and mild nasal obstruction since six months. Cytologically a possibility of pleomorphic adenoma was made which was confirmed by histopathological study. We present this case due to 1) rarity in the nasal septum 2) pitfalls at cytology due to abundance (predominance) of myoepithelial cells and scanty or even absent mesenchymal component and 3) under reporting in English literature to the best of our knowledge