다수편향적 사회적 정보 활용을 중심으로

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 인문대학 협동과정 인지과학전공, 2022.2. 장대익.뉴미디어는 사회적 교류의 장을 인터넷으로 옮겨와 시공간의 한계를 뛰어넘어 대규모 집단이 한 곳에서 소통할 수 있게 만들었다. 최근 연구는 소셜 미디어를 통해 확장된 집단 규모를 인간의 사회적 능력이 따라가지 못하는 사례가 보고하기도 했다. 이러한 맥락에서, 본 연구는 인간의 사회적 정보의 지각이 집단 규모의 확장에 어떠한 영향을 받는지 다수편향의 맥락에서 확인하였다. 인터넷 기반 과제를 통해 집단 비율과 집단 크기가 개인에게 지각되어 다수편향적 사회적 정보 활용에 영향을 주는 심리 과정을 조사하였으며, 집단 규모가 그 과정을 조절하는지 살펴보았다. 집단 비율은 다수편향에 정적 영향을 주고 있으며, 그 관계는 비율 지각에 의해 부분 매개되었다. 집단 규모는 집단 비율과 비율 지각의 관계를 조절하지 않았다. 반면, 집단 크기와 다수편향의 상관은 유의하지 않았다. 집단 규모는 집단 크기 지각을 조절하였다. 집단 규모가 작은 조건에서 집단 크기와 크기 지각은 양적 상관을 나타냈지만, 확장된 집단 규모가 조건에서 지각된 집단 크기는 유의미하게 작아졌고, 두 변수는 상관을 잃었다. 이러한 결과를 통해 집단 크기 지각과 관련된 심리 기제가 집단 크기에 집단 규모의 확장에 제대로 반응하지 못하고 있음을 확인하였다. 나아가 집단 크기 정보를 처리하는 전문화된 심리 기제가 존재할 가능성과 다수편향이 특이적으로 받아들이는 정보의 형태를 진화심리학적 관점에서 논하였다.New media has moved the field of social exchange to the Internet, allowing large groups to communicate in one place beyond the spatiotemporal limits. Recent studies reported cases in which human social abilities cannot keep up with the expansion of group scale through social media. In this context, current study investigated how the human perception of social information is affected by the expansion of the group size in the context of majority bias. Using computer based task, the psychological process in which the group ratio and group size are perceived by individuals and affect the majority biased social learning was investigated, and whether the group scale moderates the process was examined. The group ratio has a positive effect on the majority bias, and their relationship was partially mediated by the perceived group ratio. The scale of group did not moderate the relationship between the group ratio and the perceived ratio. On the other hand, the correlation between group size and majority bias was not significant. The group scale moderated the relationship between group size and perceived group size. Under the conditions of small group scale, group size and perceived group size showed a positive correlation, but under extended group scale conditions, decreasing of the perceived group size was significant, and the correlation between group size and perceived group size was lost. These results provide that the psychological mechanism related to the perception of group size cannot respond properly to the expansion of group scale. Furthermore, the possibility of a specialized psychological mechanism for processing group size information and the information form specificity that the majority biased learning accepts were discussed from the perspective of evolutionary psychology.목차 제 1 장 서론 1 제 2 장 이론적 배경 3 제 1 절 사회적 학습 3 인간의 사회적 학습 전략 3 다수편향 3 조언 수용(Advice Taking) 4 제 2 절 인간의 인지적 특성 5 사회적 뇌 가설 5 수리적 사고와 관련된 특성 6 진화한 심리 기제의 특성 6 제 3 장 연구 개요 8 제 1 절 연구 개념 8 사회적 정보 8 사회적 정보 지각 8 다수편향적 사회적 정보 활용 9 제 2 절 연구 가설 10 제 4 장 실험 11 제 1 절 방법 11 참여자 및 실험 설계 11 표본 크기 11 동물 무게 추정 과제 11 절차 12 타인 응답 자료 13 제 2 절 결과 및 논의 15 집단 비율의 효과 15 비율 지각의 매개효과 16 집단 비율에 대한 집단 규모의 조절효과 17 집단 크기의 효과 18 집단 크기에 대한 집단 규모의 조절효과 18 제 5 장 논의 및 제언 20 연구의 의의 21 연구의 한계 및 제언 22 참고 문헌 24 Abstract 27 표 목차 [표 1] 연구 변인의 평균, 표준편차, 상관분석 15 [표 2] 비율 지각의 매개효과 분석 16 [표 3] 집단 규모의 조절효과 분석(비율 지각) 17 [표 4] 집단 규모의 조절효과 분석(다수편향적 사회적 정보 활용) 18 [표 5] 집단 규모의 조절효과 분석(크기 지각) 19 [표 6] 집단 규모에 따른 집단 크기의 조건부 효과 분석 19 그림 목차 [그림 1] 개념적 연구 모형(조절된 매개효과) 10 [그림 2] 설문에 사용된 이미지(예제, 실험 이미지) 12 [그림 3] 설문 화면 예시(66.7% x 100n) 14 [그림 4] 설문 화면 예시(75% x n) 14 [그림 5] 비율 지각의 매개효과 16 [그림 6] 집단 규모의 조절효과(크기 지각) 19석

Persuasive system design: social support elements to influence the Malaysian wellness in social media

Obesity is a significant problem in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia, where the report by The National Health and Morbidity Survey of 2015 emphasized that the country has the highest proportion of obese and overweight population in the region and it is increasing by the year. Recently, it was observed that the social media could be leveraged for influencing healthier lifestyle. It is believed that, to motivate people to engage with social media or any wellness system, social support is important. However, research indicated that the understanding of social support from the perspectives of system design is still lacking. This study aims to fill these gaps and have better understanding of social support through the Persuasive System Design (PSD). The objectives of this research are (i) to identify the social support elements within the persuasive design elements (ii) to qualitatively verify the social support elements for Malaysian wellness in social media. Qualitative data collection was conducted through social media content observations and focus group interviews with selected respondents. Five PSD elements in social support were identified. They are: social learning, social facilitation, social comparison, recognition and normative influence. The relevancy and significance of these elements towards the health and wellness motivation among Malaysian were also identified

Bayesian collective learning emerges from heuristic social learning

Researchers across cognitive science, economics, and evolutionary biology have studied the ubiquitous phenomenon of social learning—the use of information about other people's decisions to make your own. Decision-making with the benefit of the accumulated knowledge of a community can result in superior decisions compared to what people can achieve alone. However, groups of people face two coupled challenges in accumulating knowledge to make good decisions: (1) aggregating information and (2) addressing an informational public goods problem known as the exploration-exploitation dilemma. Here, we show how a Bayesian social sampling model can in principle simultaneously optimally aggregate information and nearly optimally solve the exploration-exploitation dilemma. The key idea we explore is that Bayesian rationality at the level of a population can be implemented through a more simplistic heuristic social learning mechanism at the individual level. This simple individual-level behavioral rule in the context of a group of decision-makers functions as a distributed algorithm that tracks a Bayesian posterior in population-level statistics. We test this model using a large-scale dataset from an online financial trading platform

Developing Distinctively Human Cumulative Culture: Age-Related Changes in Social Information Use

This thesis investigated the distinctiveness of human cumulative culture by examining the developmental trajectory of reasoning-based social learning strategies, which have been proposed to be what sets human learning apart from non-humans. Specifically, the studies reported in this thesis were concerned with differentiating cases in which social information use was driven by reasoned understanding and cases which could be explained by implicit adaptive heuristics. This was achieved by looking for age-related changes in children’s reasoning about, and use of, social information. More effective social information use was proposed to reflect learners’ reasoned understanding of its relevance and potential value to themselves. Each study examined a particular cognitive challenge identified as potentially relevant for social information use in the context of real world cases of cumulative culture. Chapter two explored the development of children’s ability to account for others’ conflicting goals in their use of the available social information as a means to achieve their own goal. Chapters three and four investigated children’s ability to seek out appropriate sources of social information. Chapter three looked at children’s recognition of what information they required to solve a problem and who could provide that information. While chapter four examined children’s ability to consider potential informants’ mental states when determining ‘who knows’. Overall, the developmental trajectory indicated relatively late childhood development of effective social information use driven by reasoned understanding. This late development is consistent with proposals suggesting that this may be a cognitive mechanism that is only available to humans. The flexibility afforded by the ability to recognise the value, to oneself, of others’ potential to provide useful and relevant information, on account of their experience or knowledge, appears to offer the significant advantage in social information use that may drive human cumulative culture beyond the capabilities of non-humans

Towards social learning in water related multi-stakeholder processes: investigating the value of information systems.

Masters Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.The challenge of behaving wisely concerning water constitutes itself as a wicked problem for humankind. This is particularly true for the management of the resource in South Africa. Wicked problems are termed such as they exist in social conditions of high complexity and uncertainty, amidst multiple perspectives where stakeholders are urgently attempting to solve the problems they see. Furthermore, wicked water-related problems become more challenging with climate change and uncertainty on the rise. All of the above holds for the uMngeni catchment in Kwazulu- Natal, South Africa, where environmental degradation and water stresses put additional pressure on the management of an increasingly scarce resource. In such contexts, a collective engagement approach by all stakeholders is essential for social learning and for fostering wise actions in complex dynamic stakeholder engagement spaces. Key studies indicate that information and knowledge co-generation within socio-scientific spaces is essential to feed the process of learning, and that this co-generation can be facilitated outside the typical physical space - in virtual hyperspaces of information systems. This study engaged with both the extent of social learning in the Umgeni catchment as well as the potential of ICTs to contribute to improve social learning in future. The aim of this research was thus to deepen understanding of the specific role of information systems, formed in virtual engagement spaces, for social learning. Practically, it also aimed to provide recommendations on the specific actions that can be taken to create a nourishing context for such social learning. The broad framework that underpinned this exploratory research and its methods was the social learning theory, while methodologically the qualitative data were gathered in line with Theory-Uan action research approach to knowledge creation and social learning. Using the researcher’s position as an embedded stakeholder, the study was grounded in the context of selected cases or multi-stakeholder groups in the upper uMngeni catchment. These cases are of three water-related multi-stakeholder groups in the uMngeni catchment. Participatory observation (PO) and action research (AR) were utilised, which involved the researcher in bio-monitoring and other water-related fieldwork projects with multi-stakeholder groups, meetings and partnerships in the catchment. Lastly, two selected emerging integrated information management systems - Mathuba web-based WIKI and the MIKE INFO desktop-based water management information system – were explored. Using the pre-conditions of social learning as an analytical framework of the results it was found that the degree of social learning was highest in the small community, local level of stakeholder engagement. Social learning registered the least in the larger catchment size scale of stakeholder engagement as well as at an intermediate level in the sub-catchment scale of multi-stakeholder engagement. Key themes identified across the scales of engagement included: high stakeholder empowerment by self-identity change and stakeholder education; a lack of continuous participation and barriers to knowledge sharing hindering social learning; and a lack of participation and implementation of relevant actors for all the groups. It was also found that these barriers and prohibiting factors to social learning can be overcome through the use of integrated information systems that variously promote transparency of information, virtual inclusiveness in engagement of actors at the local scale and the enhancing of trust and relationships using virtual platform features such as online placed GIS-based maps, documentation and forums. Challenges of employing such information systems were concluded to be complexity, costs and the lack of suitable facilitators of the software and virtual engagement of actors. Of the two explored information systems: The Mathuba WIKI site seemed most plausible, yet this ideal kind of supporting information systems, may risk being too complicated and its use may not be sustainable in the future. It was thus concluded that in order for such information systems to be included in support of multi-stakeholder engagement in the future, they must be integrated, inclusive, cocreated and truly transparent and should make good use of visual representations of water problem realities through maps, graphs and images that tell stories. Such information should also be piloted at the 3 main case study scales; the UEIP (large catchment management group), MCMF (subcatchment management group) and LCPG (local community groups). This can be evaluated and the results published for future applications on the national scale