2,264 research outputs found
Self-supervised learning for transferable representations
Machine learning has undeniably achieved remarkable advances thanks to large labelled datasets and supervised learning. However, this progress is constrained by the labour-intensive annotation process. It is not feasible to generate extensive labelled datasets for every problem we aim to address. Consequently, there has been a notable shift in recent times toward approaches that solely leverage raw data. Among these, self-supervised learning has emerged as a particularly powerful approach, offering scalability to massive datasets and showcasing considerable potential for effective knowledge transfer. This thesis investigates self-supervised representation learning with a strong focus on computer vision applications. We provide a comprehensive survey of self-supervised methods across various modalities, introducing a taxonomy that categorises them into four distinct families while also highlighting practical considerations for real-world implementation. Our focus thenceforth is on the computer vision modality, where we perform a comprehensive benchmark evaluation of state-of-the-art self supervised models against many diverse downstream transfer tasks. Our findings reveal that self-supervised models often outperform supervised learning across a spectrum of tasks, albeit with correlations weakening as tasks transition beyond classification, particularly for datasets with distribution shifts. Digging deeper, we investigate the influence of data augmentation on the transferability of contrastive learners, uncovering a trade-off between spatial and appearance-based invariances that generalise to real-world transformations. This begins to explain the differing empirical performances achieved by self-supervised learners on different downstream tasks, and it showcases the advantages of specialised representations produced with tailored augmentation. Finally, we introduce a novel self-supervised pre-training algorithm for object detection, aligning pre-training with downstream architecture and objectives, leading to reduced localisation errors and improved label efficiency. In conclusion, this thesis contributes a comprehensive understanding of self-supervised representation learning and its role in enabling effective transfer across computer vision tasks
Location Reference Recognition from Texts: A Survey and Comparison
A vast amount of location information exists in unstructured texts, such as social media posts, news stories, scientific articles, web pages, travel blogs, and historical archives. Geoparsing refers to recognizing location references from texts and identifying their geospatial representations. While geoparsing can benefit many domains, a summary of its specific applications is still missing. Further, there is a lack of a comprehensive review and comparison of existing approaches for location reference recognition, which is the first and core step of geoparsing. To fill these research gaps, this review first summarizes seven typical application domains of geoparsing: geographic information retrieval, disaster management, disease surveillance, traffic management, spatial humanities, tourism management, and crime management. We then review existing approaches for location reference recognition by categorizing these approaches into four groups based on their underlying functional principle: rule-based, gazetteer matchingâbased, statistical learning-âbased, and hybrid approaches. Next, we thoroughly evaluate the correctness and computational efficiency of the 27Â most widely used approaches for location reference recognition based on 26 public datasets with different types of texts (e.g., social media posts and news stories) containing 39,736 location references worldwide. Results from this thorough evaluation can help inform future methodological developments and can help guide the selection of proper approaches based on application needs
LIPIcs, Volume 251, ITCS 2023, Complete Volume
LIPIcs, Volume 251, ITCS 2023, Complete Volum
Current and Future Challenges in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning is a central, longstanding, and active
area of Artificial Intelligence. Over the years it has evolved significantly;
more recently it has been challenged and complemented by research in areas such
as machine learning and reasoning under uncertainty. In July 2022 a Dagstuhl
Perspectives workshop was held on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. The
goal of the workshop was to describe the state of the art in the field,
including its relation with other areas, its shortcomings and strengths,
together with recommendations for future progress. We developed this manifesto
based on the presentations, panels, working groups, and discussions that took
place at the Dagstuhl Workshop. It is a declaration of our views on Knowledge
Representation: its origins, goals, milestones, and current foci; its relation
to other disciplines, especially to Artificial Intelligence; and on its
challenges, along with key priorities for the next decade
Mapping the Focal Points of WordPress: A Software and Critical Code Analysis
Programming languages or code can be examined through numerous analytical lenses. This project is a critical analysis of WordPress, a prevalent web content management system, applying four modes of inquiry. The project draws on theoretical perspectives and areas of study in media, software, platforms, code, language, and power structures. The applied research is based on Critical Code Studies, an interdisciplinary field of study that holds the potential as a theoretical lens and methodological toolkit to understand computational code beyond its function. The project begins with a critical code analysis of WordPress, examining its origins and source code and mapping selected vulnerabilities. An examination of the influence of digital and computational thinking follows this. The work also explores the intersection of code patching and vulnerability management and how code shapes our sense of control, trust, and empathy, ultimately arguing that a rhetorical-cultural lens can be used to better understand code\u27s controlling influence. Recurring themes throughout these analyses and observations are the connections to power and vulnerability in WordPress\u27 code and how cultural, processual, rhetorical, and ethical implications can be expressed through its code, creating a particular worldview. Code\u27s emergent properties help illustrate how human values and practices (e.g., empathy, aesthetics, language, and trust) become encoded in software design and how people perceive the software through its worldview. These connected analyses reveal cultural, processual, and vulnerability focal points and the influence these entanglements have concerning WordPress as code, software, and platform. WordPress is a complex sociotechnical platform worthy of further study, as is the interdisciplinary merging of theoretical perspectives and disciplines to critically examine code. Ultimately, this project helps further enrich the field by introducing focal points in code, examining sociocultural phenomena within the code, and offering techniques to apply critical code methods
Talking about personal recovery in bipolar disorder: Integrating health research, natural language processing, and corpus linguistics to analyse peer online support forum posts
Background: Personal recovery, âliving a satisfying, hopeful and contributing lifeeven with the limitations caused by the illnessâ (Anthony, 1993) is of particular value in bipolar disorder where symptoms often persist despite treatment. So far, personal recovery has only been studied in researcher-constructed environments (interviews, focus groups). Support forum posts can serve as a complementary naturalistic data source. Objective: The overarching aim of this thesis was to study personal recovery experiences that people living with bipolar disorder have shared in online support forums through integrating health research, NLP, and corpus linguistics in a mixed methods approach within a pragmatic research paradigm, while considering ethical issues and involving people with lived experience. Methods: This mixed-methods study analysed: 1) previous qualitative evidence on personal recovery in bipolar disorder from interviews and focus groups 2) who self-reports a bipolar disorder diagnosis on the online discussion platform Reddit 3) the relationship of mood and posting in mental health-specific Reddit forums (subreddits) 4) discussions of personal recovery in bipolar disorder subreddits. Results: A systematic review of qualitative evidence resulted in the first framework for personal recovery in bipolar disorder, POETIC (Purpose & meaning, Optimism & hope, Empowerment, Tensions, Identity, Connectedness). Mainly young or middle-aged US-based adults self-report a bipolar disorder diagnosis on Reddit. Of these, those experiencing more intense emotions appear to be more likely to post in mental health support subreddits. Their personal recovery-related discussions in bipolar disorder subreddits primarily focussed on three domains: Purpose & meaning (particularly reproductive decisions, work), Connectedness (romantic relationships, social support), Empowerment (self-management, personal responsibility). Support forum data highlighted personal recovery issues that exclusively or more frequently came up online compared to previous evidence from interviews and focus groups. Conclusion: This project is the first to analyse non-reactive data on personal recovery in bipolar disorder. Indicating the key areas that people focus on in personal recovery when posting freely and the language they use provides a helpful starting point for formal and informal carers to understand the concerns of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder and to consider how best to offer support
Advances and Applications of DSmT for Information Fusion. Collected Works, Volume 5
This ïŹfth volume on Advances and Applications of DSmT for Information Fusion collects theoretical and applied contributions of researchers working in different ïŹelds of applications and in mathematics, and is available in open-access. The collected contributions of this volume have either been published or presented after disseminating the fourth volume in 2015 in international conferences, seminars, workshops and journals, or they are new. The contributions of each part of this volume are chronologically ordered.
First Part of this book presents some theoretical advances on DSmT, dealing mainly with modiïŹed Proportional ConïŹict Redistribution Rules (PCR) of combination with degree of intersection, coarsening techniques, interval calculus for PCR thanks to set inversion via interval analysis (SIVIA), rough set classiïŹers, canonical decomposition of dichotomous belief functions, fast PCR fusion, fast inter-criteria analysis with PCR, and improved PCR5 and PCR6 rules preserving the (quasi-)neutrality of (quasi-)vacuous belief assignment in the fusion of sources of evidence with their Matlab codes.
Because more applications of DSmT have emerged in the past years since the apparition of the fourth book of DSmT in 2015, the second part of this volume is about selected applications of DSmT mainly in building change detection, object recognition, quality of data association in tracking, perception in robotics, risk assessment for torrent protection and multi-criteria decision-making, multi-modal image fusion, coarsening techniques, recommender system, levee characterization and assessment, human heading perception, trust assessment, robotics, biometrics, failure detection, GPS systems, inter-criteria analysis, group decision, human activity recognition, storm prediction, data association for autonomous vehicles, identiïŹcation of maritime vessels, fusion of support vector machines (SVM), Silx-Furtif RUST code library for information fusion including PCR rules, and network for ship classiïŹcation.
Finally, the third part presents interesting contributions related to belief functions in general published or presented along the years since 2015. These contributions are related with decision-making under uncertainty, belief approximations, probability transformations, new distances between belief functions, non-classical multi-criteria decision-making problems with belief functions, generalization of Bayes theorem, image processing, data association, entropy and cross-entropy measures, fuzzy evidence numbers, negator of belief mass, human activity recognition, information fusion for breast cancer therapy, imbalanced data classiïŹcation, and hybrid techniques mixing deep learning with belief functions as well
Recommended from our members
Foundations of Node Representation Learning
Low-dimensional node representations, also called node embeddings, are a cornerstone in the modeling and analysis of complex networks. In recent years, advances in deep learning have spurred development of novel neural network-inspired methods for learning node representations which have largely surpassed classical \u27spectral\u27 embeddings in performance. Yet little work asks the central questions of this thesis: Why do these novel deep methods outperform their classical predecessors, and what are their limitations?
We pursue several paths to answering these questions. To further our understanding of deep embedding methods, we explore their relationship with spectral methods, which are better understood, and show that some popular deep methods are equivalent to spectral methods in a certain natural limit. We also introduce the problem of inverting node embeddings in order to probe what information they contain. Further, we propose a simple, non-deep method for node representation learning, and find it to often be competitive with modern deep graph networks in downstream performance.
To better understand the limitations of node embeddings, we prove some upper and lower bounds on their capabilities. Most notably, we prove that node embeddings are capable of exact low-dimensional representation of networks with bounded max degree or arboricity, and we further show that a simple algorithm can find such exact embeddings for real-world networks. By contrast, we also prove inherent bounds on random graph models, including those derived from node embeddings, to capture key structural properties of networks without simply memorizing a given graph
From massive rapid reconstruction to small-scale stepwise urban renewal: A contribution to socially integrative cities?: Case studies of Wuhan, China
Initially, urban renewal focused mainly on promoting better physical environments, living conditions and economic activities, by upgrading derelict neighbourhoods. But since the 1990s in Europe, the urban renewal approach emphasising the physical, environmental and economic spheres has been replaced by a more comprehensive and integrated approach, which links the stimulation of economic activities and environmental improvements with social integration, inclusion and cultural elements.
The former pathway, marked by massive rapid demolition and reconstruction, is regarded as the dominant urban renewal approach in China. Driven by the unprecedented urbanisation, it has brought enormous economic benefits but at the cost of aggravating social and environmental problems, resulting in unsustainable cities. Therefore, China has entered a new stage by transforming into a more sustainable avenue â the small-scale stepwise urban renewal. Since 2009, the Chinese government has launched experimental actions in many pilot cities to cultivate the new approach. This trend can be noticed in different fields involving policies, movements, institutional settings and academia. Government and scholars expect small-scale urban renewal to simultaneously enhance physical infrastructures, reinforce cultural diversity and foster social cohesion, leading to sustainable and socially integrative cities. However, it can be questioned if the new urban renewal approach genuinely has a better performance in this regard.
Therefore, the guiding research question (RQ) asks: How does urban renewal contribute to socially integrative cities in China? The author first sought insights to build a holistic conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities. It helped understand the urban renewal evolution in China, and the concept of social integration and inclusion both in international and in the Chinese context, especially regarding urban renewal projects. By conducting a literature review, three research gaps were identified: 1) A lack of systematic studies that integrate and summarise fragmented urban renewal approaches and concepts in China; 2) Social integration and inclusion in China have a relatively narrow perspective of âassimilationâ; 3) Systematic and multi-faceted evaluation of experimental urban renewal in China, especially in social aspects, is too inadequate to make suggestions for improving current Chinese urban renewal approaches. To fill these gaps, this dissertation firstly scrutinises the differences between these co-existing two renewal approaches in China, massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal; secondly, it examines to what extent these two approaches have contributed to socially integrative cities, and thirdly, analyses the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches and the rationales behind them.
The 'socially integrative cities' (SIC) analytical framework, jointly proposed by Chinese and European scholars, is applied to examine the accomplishments in two urban renewal cases. The author defines 26 indicators corresponding to 12 characteristics, grouped into five dimensions: collaborative urban planning and design, urban environment and living conditions, local economy and labour market, socio-cultural development and social capital, institutional development and urban finance.
The methodology comprises descriptive documents analysis and literature research, followed by qualitative comparative case studies. Two typical cases were selected, representing massive rapid reconstruction (Wuhan Tiandi) and small-scale stepwise urban renewal (Tanhualin). Both are traditional inner-city and run-down areas in Wuhan, a frontrunner prefecture-level city in China. During the fieldwork, semi-structured in-depth interviews have been conducted on identified stakeholders. After the fieldwork, a thematic content analysis and a stakeholder analysis were performed to analyse the interview data collected from online databases, documents, and project plans.
Results firstly suggested that the differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal exist in the aspects of the intervention levels, the actors and strategies, the scales of coverage, the planning goals, the renewal targets, the housing types and the sources of funds. An urban renewal project can combine both approaches in a hybrid model or adopt different approaches in different periods.
The assessment of the implementation and impact of both urban renewal cases reveals that massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal have genuinely contributed to socially integrative cities in all five dimensions but to a varying degree. Massive rapid reconstruction has unique advantages in improving living and environmental conditions in urban areas, upgrading the physical environment in distressed areas, and strengthening the economy and labour market on a large regional scale, but it does not respect the social and cultural dimension. In contrast, small-scale stepwise renewal prevails in the adaptive reuse of existing buildings, revitalising cities and older towns, keeping people in the original neighbourhoods, stabilising housing prices and affordability, strengthening the economy and labour market on a small local scale, preserving cultural heritage, fostering the identity of neighbourhoods, as well as fostering social capital and the engagement of local stakeholders. However, it suffers from a comprehensive but limited effectiveness.
The study also shows that many strengths and weaknesses of both urban renewal approaches are antithetical. Based on this finding, the author discovers their rationales behind the two different approaches, investigates the underlying causes that precipitate these antitheses, and proposes possible solutions to the challenges and dilemmas facing current Chinese urban renewal.
Overall, this research concludes fragmented urban renewal approaches and concepts in China, summarised into two paradigms: massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal. Besides, it develops a more comprehensive and analytical framework that adapts to the Chinese context - âsocially integrative citiesâ, to examine urban renewal projects. Finally, it elucidates in-depth empirical knowledge of the urban renewal paradigm shift in China and makes recommendations for government, practitioners and scholars to promote a more socially integrative urban renewal.:CONTENTS
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem overview
1.2 Study design and thesis structure
2 Conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities
2.1 Urban renewal in China
2.1.1 Basic Chinese terms and concepts
2.1.2 Massive rapid demolition and reconstruction
2.1.3 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal
2.1.4 Urban renewal evolution in China: initiating, testing and promotion
2.2 Social integration and inclusion
2.3 Influence of urban renewal on social integration and inclusion - socially integrative cities
2.4 Typical practices of urban renewal in China
2.5 Raised research questions
3 Research design and methodology
3.1 Overall research design
3.2 Framework to examine the accomplishment of socially integrative cities in urban renewal projects
3.3 Comparative case studies
3.3.1 Case study selection
3.3.2 Interview design
3.3.3 Data analysis
4 Exploring the context: Wuhan city and its two cases
4.1 Urban renewal in Wuhan
4.2 Planning documents of Wuhan concerning urban renewal
4.3 Massive rapid reconstruction case: Wuhan Tiandi
4.4 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal case: Tanhualin
5 Differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.1 Classification criteria for urban renewal approaches
5.2 Intervention levels
5.2.1 Redevelopment, rehabilitation, and conservation
5.2.2 Intervention levels in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3 Actors and strategies
5.3.1 Government-led, property-led, comprehensive model, and community-oriented mode
5.3.2 Actors and strategies in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3.3 Sources of funds in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.4 Scales of coverage
5.4.1 Macro-level, medium-level, micro-level
5.4.2 Scales of coverage in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.5 Planning goals
5.5.1 Physical, social, economic, and morphological integrated
5.5.2 Planning goals in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.6 Renewal targets
5.6.1 Old city, old factory, old village
5.6.2 Renewal targets in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.7 Summary
6 Contributions to socially integrative cities by massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
6.1 Collaborative urban planning and design
6.1.1 Reducing urban sprawl and appropriate access to urban land
6.1.2 Involving different stakeholders in collaborative and participative planning and design on the different politico-administrative levels
6.1.3 Reflections
6.2 Urban environment and living conditions
6.2.1 Improving urban environment and living conditions in Wuhan Tiandi
6.2.2 Improving the urban environment and living conditions in Tanhualin
6.2.3 Reflections
6.3 Local economy and labour market
6.3.1 Strengthening the local economy and labour market
6.3.2 Strengthening technical and social innovation in cities and neighbourhoods opening up new possibilities for the local population
6.3.3 Reflections
6.4 Socio-cultural development and social capital
6.4.1 Fostering proactive education and training policies for children and young people in disadvantaged neighbourhoods
6.4.2 Preserving cultural heritage and fostering the identity of neighbourhoods and their inhabitants
6.4.3 Fostering social capital and engagement of local stakeholders
6.4.4 Reflections
6.5 Institutional development and urban finance
6.5.1 Supporting adequate institutional conditions and mechanisms
6.5.2 Supporting adequate financial conditions and mechanisms
6.5.3 Reflections
6.6 Summary
7 Strengths and weaknesses of massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise renewal and their rationales
7.1 Collaborative urban planning and design
7.1.1 Rental-sales rights inequality
7.1.2 Paternalistic Danwei system
7.1.3 Lack of channels for public participation
7.1.4 Lack of vertical and horizontal integration between government sectors
7.1.5 Lack of clear collective goals
7.2 Urban environment and living conditions
7.2.1 Housing prices and affordability
7.2.2 Low-rent housing programmes and two innovations
7.2.3 Monetisation strategy
7.2.4 Efficiency versus quality
7.3 Socio-cultural development and social capital
7.3.1 Cultural heritage protection
7.3.2 Aesthetic concept cultivation
7.3.3 Open community versus gated community
7.3.4 Understandings of social integration and inclusion
7.4 Institutional development and urban finance
7.4.1 Establishment of urban renewal bureau
7.4.2 Transition from management-oriented government to service-oriented government
7.4.3 Human-centred, people-oriented design
7.5 Summary
8 Conclusion
References
Annexes
Annex 1: Interview guidelines
Annex 2: Dates of interviews
Annex 3: Collected data
Annex 4: Example of consent formUrsprĂŒnglich zielte Stadterneuerung in erster Linie darauf ab, Infrastruktur, Lebensbedingungen und wirtschaftliche Gegebenheiten durch die Aufwertung baufĂ€lliger Stadtviertel zu verbessern. Seit den 1990er Jahren jedoch wurde in Europa der Ansatz der hauptsĂ€chlich materielle, ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte betonenden Stadterneuerung durch eine ganzheitlichere Herangehensweise abgelöst. Diese verbindet die Stimulation ökonomischer AktivitĂ€ten und ökologischer Verbesserungen mit sozialer Integration und Teilhabe der Bewohner sowie RĂŒcksichtnahme auf kulturelle Gegebenheiten (Dixon et al., 2009, p. 3).
Ersterer Ansatz, gekennzeichnet durch groĂflĂ€chigen und schnellen Abriss und Neubau stĂ€dtischer Areale, wird meist als die in China ĂŒbliche Vorgehensweise bei Stadterneuerungen angesehen. Getrieben von einem Prozess beispielloser Urbanisierung, ging sie einen enormen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung einher. Dieser brachte allerdings gravierende soziale und ökologische Problemen mit sich, welche zu einer nicht-nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung fĂŒhrten. Deshalb beschreitet China zunehmend einen nachhaltigeren Weg: die schrittweise Stadterneuerung in jeweils kleinerem Umfang. Seit 2009 initiierte die chinesische Regierung verschiedene experimentelle Pilotprojekte fĂŒr den neuen Ansatz. Dieser Trend macht sich in verschiedenen Bereichen wie Planungs- und Baustrategien, institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und der Wissenschaft bemerkbar. Sowohl chinesische Regierungsinstitutionen als auch zahlreiche Wissenschaftler gehen davon aus, dass eine kleinteiligere Stadterneuerung nicht nur die physische Infrastruktur verbessert, sondern auch das GefĂŒhl der IdentitĂ€t, die kulturelle Entwicklung und den sozialen Zusammenhalt unter den Bewohnern verstĂ€rkt. Damit geht allerdings die Frage einher, ob der neue Ansatz der Stadterneuerung tatsĂ€chlich per se besser zur Verwirklichung dieser Absichten beitrĂ€gt.
Die zentrale Forschungsfrage lautet daher: Auf welche Weise trĂ€gt Stadterneuerung zur sozialen IntegrativitĂ€t chinesischer StĂ€dte bei? ZunĂ€chst entwickelte die Autorin den konzeptionellen Rahmen: Stadterneuerung im Sinne sozial-integrativer Stadtentwicklung. Dieser hilft beim VerstĂ€ndnis chinesischer Stadterneuerung und der Einsicht in den stĂ€dtebaulichen Bezug von Konzepten sozialer Integration und Inklusion sowohl international als auch spezifisch in China. Bei der Recherche in Dokumenten und Fachliteratur zeigten sich weiterhin folgende drei ForschungslĂŒcken: 1) Ein Mangel an systematischen Untersuchungen, die die einzelnen Herangehensweisen und Konzepte der Stadterneuerung in China integrieren und zusammenfassen; 2) AnsĂ€tze der sozialen Integration und Teilhabe folgen in China einem relativ engen VerstĂ€ndnis von âAssimilierungâ; 3) Der gegenwĂ€rtige Bestand systematischer Analyse und Bewertung experimenteller Stadterneuerungsprojekte ist hinsichtlich sozialer Aspekte unzureichend fĂŒr eine Verbesserung aktueller AnsĂ€tze der Stadterneuerung in China. Um diese ForschungslĂŒcken zu fĂŒllen, sollen in der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Ersten die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden in China angewendeten Vorgehensweisen der Stadterneuerung â groĂflĂ€chiger und scheller gegenĂŒber kleinteiligem und schrittweisem Stadtumbau â erforscht werden; zum Zweiten soll untersucht werden, inwiefern beide AnsĂ€tze zur sozial integrierten Stadtentwicklung beitragen, und zum Dritten soll eine generelle Analyse der StĂ€rken und SchwĂ€chen beider AnsĂ€tze und ihrer inneren Logik erfolgen.
Zur Untersuchung zweier FĂ€lle von Stadterneuerung bezĂŒglich des Ziels einer sozial-integrativen Stadtentwicklung kommt der Analyserahmen âSocially Integrative Citiesâ (SIC), der gemeinsam von chinesischen und europĂ€ischen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern vorgeschlagen wurde, zum Einsatz. Die Autorin definierte 26 Indikatoren aufbauend auf 12 Charakteristika aus vorausgegangenen Forschungen, die fĂŒnf thematischen Dimensionen zugeordnet wurden: kollaborative Stadtplanung und Stadtgestaltung, urbane Umwelt- und Lebensbedingungen, wirtschaftliche Situation und Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort, soziokulturelle Entwicklung und soziales Kapital und schlussendlich institutionelle Entwicklung und stĂ€dtisches Finanzwesen.
Das methodische Vorgehen vereint beschreibende Analyse von Dokumenten und Literaturrecherche, gefolgt von qualitativen vergleichenden Fallstudien. FĂŒr die Untersuchung wurden zwei typische FĂ€lle von Stadterneuerungsprojekten ausgewĂ€hlt, die einerseits eine groĂflĂ€chige und schnelle (Wuhan Tiandi) und andererseits eine kleinteilige und schrittweise (Wuhan Tanhualin) Vorgehensweise reprĂ€sentieren. In beiden FĂ€llen handelt es sich um traditionelle innerstĂ€dtische, jedoch baufĂ€llige Viertel in Wuhan, einer aufstrebenden chinesischen Bezirkshauptstadt. Im Laufe der Feldforschung wurden unter anderem semistrukturierte vertiefende Interviews mit Vertretern von Einrichtungen gefĂŒhrt, die vorher als Stakeholder identifiziert wurden. FĂŒr die Auswertung des Interviewmaterials schloss sich wĂ€hrend und nach der Feldforschung die inhaltliche Analyse und die Stakeholderanalyse an. Weitere Daten hierfĂŒr wurden von Online-Datenplattformen, Dokumenten und Projektplanungen generiert.
ZunĂ€chst einmal legen die Resultate nahe, dass die Unterschiede zwischen groĂflĂ€chiger, schneller und kleinteiliger, schrittweiser Stadterneuerung hauptsĂ€chlich bei den Aspekten Interventionsebene, Akteure und ihre Strategien, GröĂe der BauflĂ€che, Planungs- und Erneuerungsziel, GebĂ€udetypen und Finanzierung liegen. Dabei besteht die Möglichkeit, dass Projekte der Stadterneuerung beide Vorgehensweisen in einem hybriden Modell kombinieren oder verschiedene AnsĂ€tze in unterschiedlichen Abschnitten zur Anwendung bringen.
Die Auswertung der Umsetzung und Folgen der beiden Stadterneuerungsprojekte offenbarte, dass sowohl die groĂflĂ€chige und schnelle als auch die kleinteilige, schrittweise Stadterneuerung in unterschiedlichem AusmaĂ einen spezifischen Einfluss auf allen fĂŒnf o.g. Dimensionen des Konzepts der sozial-integrativen Stadt haben. GroĂflĂ€chige und schnelle Stadterneuerung bietet unbestreitbare Vorteile fĂŒr die Verbesserung der Lebens- und Umweltbedingungen, bei der baulichen Aufwertung in baufĂ€lligen Stadtbereichen sowie fĂŒr die StĂ€rkung der regionalen WirtschaftstĂ€tigkeit und des ĂŒberregionalen Arbeitsmarktes. Allerdings nimmt sie wenig RĂŒcksicht auf soziale und kulturelle Aspekte. Im Gegensatz dazu zeichnet sich eine kleinteilige, schrittweise Stadterneuerung durch flexible Umnutzung existierender GebĂ€ude, eine Wiederbelebung von Stadtkernen und AltstĂ€dten und stabileren und erschwinglicheren Immobilienpreisen aus. Menschen können in ihrem angestammten Viertel bleiben, die Lokalwirtschaft und der Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort werden gestĂ€rkt, baukulturelles Erbe bewahrt und sowohl das IdentitĂ€tsgefĂŒhl der Quartiersbewohner mit ihrer Umgebung als auch Sozialkapital und Engagement lokaler Stakeholder gestĂ€rkt. Gleichwohl leiden diese zwar umfassenden AnsĂ€tze unter einer begrenzten EffektivitĂ€t.
DarĂŒber hinaus wurde in der Studie deutlich, dass die Vorteile des einen Ansatzes in vielen FĂ€lle die Nachteile des anderen spiegeln und umgekehrt. Darauf aufbauend beschrieb die Autorin die zu Grunde liegende Logik beider Wege, untersuchte die Ursachen, die zu deren WidersprĂŒchen fĂŒhren und bietet mögliche Lösungswege fĂŒr die Herausforderungen und Dilemmata an, denen gegenwĂ€rtige chinesische Stadterneuerungsprojekte gegenĂŒberstehen.
Diese Forschungsarbeit fasst verschiedene bislang fragmentarische AnsĂ€tze und Konzepte der Stadterneuerung in China zu zwei Paradigmen zusammen: Dem des groĂflĂ€chigen, schnellen Stadtumbaus und jenem der kleinteiligen, schrittweisen Erneuerung. Daneben wurde ein breiter gefasster und an den Kontext der chinesischen âsozial-integrativen Stadtâ angepasster Analyserahmen fĂŒr Stadterneuerungsprojekte entwickelt. Schlussendlich erlĂ€utert die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit ausfĂŒhrlich empirische Erkenntnisse im Zusammenhang mit dem stĂ€dtebaulichen Paradigmenwechsel, der sich in China vollzieht, und gibt Empfehlungen fĂŒr entsprechende Regierungsinstitutionen, Fachleute und Wissenschaftler zur Förderung einer sozialâintegrativen Stadtentwicklung.:CONTENTS
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem overview
1.2 Study design and thesis structure
2 Conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities
2.1 Urban renewal in China
2.1.1 Basic Chinese terms and concepts
2.1.2 Massive rapid demolition and reconstruction
2.1.3 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal
2.1.4 Urban renewal evolution in China: initiating, testing and promotion
2.2 Social integration and inclusion
2.3 Influence of urban renewal on social integration and inclusion - socially integrative cities
2.4 Typical practices of urban renewal in China
2.5 Raised research questions
3 Research design and methodology
3.1 Overall research design
3.2 Framework to examine the accomplishment of socially integrative cities in urban renewal projects
3.3 Comparative case studies
3.3.1 Case study selection
3.3.2 Interview design
3.3.3 Data analysis
4 Exploring the context: Wuhan city and its two cases
4.1 Urban renewal in Wuhan
4.2 Planning documents of Wuhan concerning urban renewal
4.3 Massive rapid reconstruction case: Wuhan Tiandi
4.4 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal case: Tanhualin
5 Differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.1 Classification criteria for urban renewal approaches
5.2 Intervention levels
5.2.1 Redevelopment, rehabilitation, and conservation
5.2.2 Intervention levels in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3 Actors and strategies
5.3.1 Government-led, property-led, comprehensive model, and community-oriented mode
5.3.2 Actors and strategies in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3.3 Sources of funds in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.4 Scales of coverage
5.4.1 Macro-level, medium-level, micro-level
5.4.2 Scales of coverage in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.5 Planning goals
5.5.1 Physical, social, economic, and morphological integrated
5.5.2 Planning goals in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.6 Renewal targets
5.6.1 Old city, old factory, old village
5.6.2 Renewal targets in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.7 Summary
6 Contributions to socially integrative cities by
The Politics of Platformization: Amsterdam Dialogues on Platform Theory
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