Outline tracing from sketches.

草圖繪製是創意產業最早期的一個工序。研究發現，草圖不但表達了畫家的想法，在繪製的過程，草圖也能為畫家帶來新靈感，所以草圖繪製是不可缺少的工序。然而，原始的草圖包含許多不必要的筆觸，所以進行後期製作前，必須用線重新勾畫。傳統上，這個過程是費時和繁瑣的，畫家必須人手把每一條需要的線都重新勾畫出來。當應用到動畫創作的時候，由於涉及的草圖數量龐大，情況會變得更壊，所以有必要把整個過程自動化。現有的研究都視草圖勾勒為一個線條分組和曲線擬合的過程，他們會把相近而順暢的筆觸組合在一起，形成單一線條。然而，他們都忽略了視覺感知上的一個重要法則──格式塔理論中的閉合原理。格式塔理論是一個知名的心理學理論，解釋人類如何透過整合理解各種視覺元素。根據格式塔理論中的閉合原理，我們往往把各種分隔的視覺元素整合為一個封閉的形狀。在這篇論文中，我提出閉合原理比格式塔理論中的其他原理更能幫助我們理解草圖，從而提出了一種基於區域的方法來勾勒草圖。實驗結果發現，我的方法在保有草圖上封閉形狀的能力上比現有的方法更優勝。Sketching is the earliest stage of production in art and design. Sketches are useful in conveying and developing ideas. However, raw sketches contain unnecessary strokes and must be converted to neat and tidy drawings before moving onto later stage of production. Traditionally, this conversion process is time-consuming and tedious since it is performed stroke by stroke manually. The situation is even worse when it comes to animation production which involves a huge number of sketches, so there is a strong motivation to automate the conversion process. Existing works formulate the conversion process as stroke grouping and curve fitting processes, in which close and continuous strokes are grouped together to form single strokes in the resulting image. Nevertheless, previous works overlooked an important law of visual perception: the law of closure in Gestalt principles. Gestalt principles concluded from early visual perception studies demonstrate how human perceive visual elements as different groups of lines and shapes. It states that we tend to group elements into closed shape even when a gap exists. In this thesis, we utilize the idea of law of closure and propose a region-based approach to refine sketches. Experiment result shows that this method outperforms the existing methods in terms of the capability of preserving salient regions in sketches.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Wong, Ka Wing.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-61).Abstracts also in Chinese.Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.6Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.8Chapter 2.1 --- Role of Sketch in Art and Design --- p.8Chapter 2.2 --- Characteristics of Raw Sketches --- p.10Chapter 2.3 --- Related Works --- p.11Chapter 2.3.1 --- Methods for Raster Image --- p.12Chapter 2.3.2 --- Methods for Vector Image --- p.14Chapter 2.3.3 --- Deficiency --- p.17Chapter 3 --- Gestalt Principles and Its Application --- p.18Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction to Gestalt Principles --- p.18Chapter 3.2 --- Existing Computational Model of Gestalt Principles --- p.20Chapter 3.3 --- Gestalt Principles for Outline Tracing --- p.22Chapter 3.3.1 --- Similarity --- p.23Chapter 3.3.2 --- Proximity --- p.23Chapter 3.3.3 --- Continuity --- p.24Chapter 3.3.4 --- Regularity --- p.25Chapter 3.3.5 --- Closure --- p.25Chapter 4 --- Proposed Method --- p.27Chapter 4.1 --- Multi-scale Region Retrieval --- p.28Chapter 4.1.1 --- Construction of Region Hierarchy --- p.29Chapter 4.1.2 --- Region Refinement --- p.31Chapter 4.2 --- Salient Region Retrieval --- p.32Chapter 4.2.1 --- Flattening of Region Hierarchy --- p.32Chapter 4.2.2 --- Region Merging --- p.33Chapter 4.2.3 --- Region Pruning --- p.37Chapter 4.2.4 --- Region Merging by User --- p.41Chapter 4.3 --- Outline Synthesis --- p.43Chapter 4.3.1 --- Outline Synthesis of Region-boundary Strokes --- p.44Chapter 4.3.2 --- Smoothing of Region-boundary Strokes --- p.45Chapter 4.3.3 --- Outline Synthesis of Feature Strokes --- p.48Chapter 4.4 --- Curve Fitting --- p.50Chapter 5 --- Result and Discussion --- p.52Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.58Chapter 7 --- Reference --- p.5

UTB/TSC Legacy Degree Programs and Courses 2014 – 2015

https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/brownsvillelegacycatalogs/1030/thumbnail.jp

UTB/TSC Legacy Degree Programs and Courses 2013 – 2014

https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/brownsvillelegacycatalogs/1029/thumbnail.jp

UTB/TSC Legacy Degree Programs and Courses 2012 – 2013

https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/brownsvillelegacycatalogs/1028/thumbnail.jp

Unmasking how pre-service engineering graphics and design teachers read and interpret assembly drawing at a university of technology: a case study in Umgungundlovu, KwaZulu-Natal.

Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.The study sought to find out how engineering graphics and design (EGD) pre-service teachers (PSTs) read and interpret assembly drawing (AD). This study was undertaken because newly qualified teachers of EGD need the relevant skills to teach EGD so that it activates learners’ spatial visual reasoning, and ensure good pass rates in the subject. Also pre-service teachers at a University of Technology in South Africa, find assembly drawings difficult to read, to interpret and to learn. The study was guided by four research questions: 1. What are first year EGD PSTs’ levels of spatial visualization ability? 2. How do first year EGD PSTs read and interpret AD? 3. Why do first year EGD PSTs read and interpret AD the way they do? 4. Does the reading and interpretation of AD, among first year EGD PSTs, change after mediation? If so how? If not why? The qualitative case study design approach was adopted. Data were generated through the Purdue spatial visualization test (PSVT), which is a mental rotation test, through two think aloud tasks, by individual interviews, focus group interview and collage making for both tasks. The findings reveal that as an object undergoes more rotations it becomes increasingly more difficult for first year EGD PSTs to mentally visualize and manipulate the object. Challenges experienced by the first year EGD PSTs include the inability to read and interpret information provided by exploded isometric drawing (3-D) and different views of each part in 2-D. The result is an inability to differentiate between orthographic and isometric projections, and to visualize the different views, inability to visualize or see spatial relationships between objects and rotate objects, inability to measure accurately and apply SANS code of practice as well as inability to assemble and recognize lines. Findings also confirm that spatial ability, the ability to mentally rotate or manipulate objects is not innate; instead it can be learned with training. The findings from this study are used to propose a model for linking the teaching and learning of AD in EGD. The model is shown as a graphic, indicating the links between teaching and learning of AD in EGD for PSTs doing Engineering Drawing and Design as their specialization subject

UTB/TSC Legacy Degree Programs and Courses 2011 – 2012

https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/brownsvillelegacycatalogs/1027/thumbnail.jp

A flexible vehicle measurement system for modern automobile production

To stay competitive and to be able to sell high-class products in the modern automobile production it is absolutely necessary to check the quality standard of a manufactured vehicle. The normal measurement strategy to check the quality standard of a completely assembled car is through a complex measurement strategy whilst the vehicle is in the actual series production. This is an immensely time and money consuming process. Furthermore, measurement systems are fixed within a certain position and the flexible measurement of a produced vehicle is very difficult to realize. This project presents a measurement system compliant to all quality guidelines, with which it is possible to measure any mounted component from a completely assembled vehicle wherever and whenever required. For the first time it is possible to measure the vehicle quality and dimensional standard from the first body in white prototype assembled in production up to the completely assembled vehicle delivered to the customer. The result of this project is a measurement system that consists of a hardware tool and a specially programmed software add-on. The complete system could easily be carried to the vehicle that must be analysed. This gives a lot of advantages. Furthermore it is possible to use this developed technology for the whole Volkswagen Company including the other brands like Audi, Skoda and Seat

A flexible vehicle measurement system for modern automobile production

To stay competitive and to be able to sell high-class products in the modern automobile production it is absolutely necessary to check the quality standard of a manufactured vehicle. The normal measurement strategy to check the quality standard of a completely assembled car is through a complex measurement strategy whilst the vehicle is in the actual series production. This is an immensely time and money consuming process. Furthermore, measurement systems are fixed within a certain position and the flexible measurement of a produced vehicle is very difficult to realize. This project presents a measurement system compliant to all quality guidelines, with which it is possible to measure any mounted component from a completely assembled vehicle wherever and whenever required. For the first time it is possible to measure the vehicle quality and dimensional standard from the first body in white prototype assembled in production up to the completely assembled vehicle delivered to the customer. The result of this project is a measurement system that consists of a hardware tool and a specially programmed software add-on. The complete system could easily be carried to the vehicle that must be analysed. This gives a lot of advantages. Furthermore it is possible to use this developed technology for the whole Volkswagen Company including the other brands like Audi, Skoda and Seat

UTB/TSC Legacy Degree Programs and Courses 2010 – 2011

https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/brownsvillelegacycatalogs/1026/thumbnail.jp

A Period Examination Through Contemporary Energy Analysis of Kevin Roche’s Fine Arts Center at University of Massachusetts-Amherst

Studies of buildings belonging to a subset of Modernist architecture, Brutalism, have included discussions pertaining to social and architectural history, critical reception, tectonic form and geometry inspirations, material property selections, period technology limitations, and migration of public perceptions. Evaluations of Brutalist buildings’ energy related performances have been restricted to anecdotal observations with particular focus on the building type’s poor thermal performance, a result of the preferred construction method, i.e. monolithic reinforced concrete used as structure, interior finish and exterior finish. A valid criticism, but one that served to dismiss discussion that the possibility of other positive design strategies limiting energy consumption, while simultaneously maintaining occupant comfort, existed in these buildings. The University of Massachusetts-Amherst Fine Arts Center (FAC) designed by Pritzker Prize winning architect Kevin Roche, was the Brutalist building used to develop an evaluation protocol that will serve as a template for energy and/or occupant comfort dissections and evaluations of other Brutalist buildings. A calibrated (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140) and validated energy model (DesignBuilder) was programed with all requisites, i.e. geo-position, ordinal orientation, building geometry, envelope materiality, construction details, local weather and climate, program activities, mechanical systems, occupancy schedules, etc. All inputted data was synchronized and consistent with the first year of the building’s occupancy, 1976. Analyses using the DesignBuilder model and an Autodesk Ecotect Analysis model were performed with results relating to thermal performance of the envelope, daylight harvesting, glare control, siting advantage, solar defense via self-shading, material solar absorptance impacts, thermal mass, and wind related strategies documented. Results demonstrated and quantified the inadequacy of the thermal envelope and the positive presence of daylight harvesting, glare control, and solar defense via self-shading. Results also suggest the possibility of material solar absorptance strategies, thermal mass strategies, and wind harvesting strategies. The FAC’s EUI, as determined from the models above and a potential EUI determined from a FAC model inputted with a single energy efficiency measure (improvement of thermal envelope) was compared with EUI data from “CBECS, 2012 Table C5”. This perspective and insight into the building’s reality, within the context of energy performance and occupant comfort, cleared the haze of anecdotal evidence